Lecture Nov 1 Flashcards
need for achievement
desire to
- accomplish something difficult
- master, manipulate or organize
- overcome obstacles and attain a high standard
what assesses the need for acheivement?
the TAT (thematic apperception test)
do people with high need for achievement always fit stereotypes of highly successful businessperson?
nope!
- take moderate risks
- tackle work with lots of energy
- disinterested in routine and boring jobs
- prefer hobs that give personal responsibility for outcomes
- want concrete feedback about their performance
what kind of jobs do people who are high in need for achievement want?
not routine/boring ones
they want jobs that interest them
and that give them personal responsibility for outcomes
and concrete feedback
parenting practices associated with high need for achievement children
related to economic prosperity
high levels of achievement motivation interferes with…
effective performance
parenting and fostering achievement behaviour: when to let go and when to hold on?
parent teaching child to bike
parent might decide to LET CHILD FALL a few times - but in the process allow them to develop a sense of MASTERY and INDEPENDENCE
but might also want to PROTECT CHILD a little longer so that they retain their sense of SECURITY and CONFIDENCE
^ such decisions impact the child’s need for achievement
genders, success and need for achievement
high need for achievement predicts SUCCESS in business world for BOTH GENDERS
men and women think about achievement…
in different ways
- men see success in terms of EXTERNAL STANDARDS
^ prestige, recognition
- women tend to rely on INTERNAL DEFINITIONS of success
^ “did I do what I wanted to do?”
achievement behaviour: individualistic cultures
see achievement in terms of PERSONAL accomplishment
workers see themselves IN COMPETITION with coworkers
motivates them to WORK HARDER
achievement behaviour: collectivist cultures
see achievement in terms of COOPERATION and GROUP ACCOMPLISHMENTS
workers are concerned with the EMOTIONAL and FINANCIAL WELLBEING of their coworkers
attributions
determine how people feel about their performance
ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING:
^ way to IMPROVE achievement motivation - CHANGE people’s attributions
motivation
the energization and direction of behaviour
goal
cognitive representation of what it is an individual is trying to achieve in a given situation
motive
a specific physiological or psychological state of arousal that directs an organism’s energies toward a goal
achievement-goal theory
motives as goals
motives vary according to the kinds of goals you set and how they support achievement
some goals are more associated with success than others
achievement goals provide…
targets that people aspire to in achievement situations
achievement goal categories
mastery
performance
mastery goals
concerned with developing COMPETENCE
performance goals
concerned with DEMONSTRATING ACCOMPLISHMENTS to others
divide mastery and performance goals into…
approach and avoidance categories
creates a 2x2 model of achievement goals
effects of mastery goals
- students choose more challenging tasks
- are more interested in their classes
- retain info and skills for longer
- share info and work with others to achieve common goals
effects of performance goals
- affects how well individuals work in groups
- tend to see others as competition
- advantages are limited
type A personality variable
- high competitive achievement striving
- respond to frustrating situations with anger
- high motivation for control over people and situations
- sense of urgency
- want to do multiple things at once
hostility and health
hostility component of Type A - findings explain relationship between Type A behaviour and coronary disease
BUT Type A people need not have bad health
^ by avoiding minor frustration at minor setbacks, it’s possible to be PRODUCTIVE and HEALTHY
hostility and health chart components
physical illness
immune system
pain
cholesterol
cardiovascular disease
death
hostility and physical illness
high hostility scores predict increased incidence of MANY ILLNESSES
asthma, liver disease, arthritis
hostility and immune system
high anger is related to weaknesses in the immune system
especially after conflict
hostility and pain
high anger scores are associated with LOWER PAIN TOLERANCE in the lab
and with GREATER COMPLAINTS OF PAIN among patients experiencing pain
hostility and cholesterol
high trait anger is correlated with higher cholesterol levels
hostility and cardiovascular disease
high hostility is related to higher incidence of many cardiovascular diseases
including atherosclerosis and coronary artery blockage
hostility and death
high scores on measures of anger and hostility are associated with death from cardiovascular disease and other causes
social anxiety
related to social interactions
social anxiety leads to…
- increased physiological arousal
- inability to concentrate
- feelings of nervousness
high social anxiety people are often concerned…
about negative evaluation
explaining social anxiety
evaluation apprehension
^ underlying cause of social anxiety
^ situations that lend themselves to evaluation by others are particularly anxiety-provoking
researchers examine emotions as relatively stable characteristics marked by differences in…
- AFFECTIVITY: extent to which people experience positive and negative emotions
- INTENSITY: strength of the emotions people experience
- EXPRESSIVENESS: way people experience their emotions
dimensions of emotional affectivity
POSITIVE
extreme 1: active, content, satisfied
extreme 2: sad, lethargic
NEGATIVE
extreme 1: nervousness, anger, distress
extreme 2: calm, serene
high positive affect emotions
active
elated
enthusiastic
excited
peppy
strong
low positive affect emotions
drowsy
dull
sleepy
sluggish
high negative affect emotions
distressed
fearful
hostile
jittery
nervous
scornful
low negative affect emotions
at rest
calm
placid
relaxed
