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Psyc 332 > Textbook Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Textbook Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

neo-Freudians

A

Freud attracted many talented minds

they came up with their own theories

many left his school to pursue new ideas - but still rooted in Freudian theory and psychoanalysis

not radically new approaches to personality

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2
Q

what did the neo-Freudians retain?

A
  1. retained UNCONSCIOUS as key determinant of behaviour
  2. agreed about impact of EARLY CHILDHOOD experiences on personality

^ although many felt that later experiences also influenced adult personality

  1. also mostly accept DEFENSE MECHANISMS and DREAM INTERPRETATION
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3
Q

neo-freudians are viewed as different perspectives within the general…

A

psychoanalytic approach to personality

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4
Q

“Freudians, Jungians, Adlerians” point to fact that

A

they treat their theory’s developer as more of a prophet than a theorist

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5
Q

3 limits/liabilities of Freudian Theory

A
  1. many neo-freudians rejected that adult personality is FORMED almost entirely by experiences in the FIRST 5-6 YEARS OF LIFE
  2. challenged Freud’s emphasis on INSTINCTUAL SOURCES of personality
  • Freud failed to recognize many SOCIAL/CULTURAL FORCES that shape who we are
  1. Freudian theory is generally NEGATIVE IN TONE
  • pessimistic and degrading view of human nature (people largely controlled by instincts/unconscious forces)
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6
Q

Erik Erikson and course of personality development

A

Erik Erikson maintained that important aspects of personality continue to develop into old age

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7
Q

Karen Horney and sex differences in personality

A

argued that culture results in sex differences

whereas Freud would argue diffs are instinctual

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8
Q

later theorists explored ________ functions of the ego

A

constructive

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9
Q

later theorists emphasized role of the ________ rather than ___________ determinants of behaviour

A

conscious

unconscious determinants

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10
Q

Alfred Adler’s new approach

A

individual psychology

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11
Q

who was the first member of the psychoanalytic group to break from Freud?

A

Alfred Adler

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12
Q

Alfred Adler’s important contributions

A
  1. striving for superiority
  2. role of parental influence on personality development
  3. effects of birth order
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13
Q

key difference between Adler and Freud

A

description of human motivation

FREUD: motivation in terms of sexual/aggressive themes

ADLER: striving for superiority is the root of all actions

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14
Q

striving for superiority begins with…

A

feelings of inferiority

each of us begins life with profound sense of inferiority

weak/helpless/dependent as children

the more inferior we see ourselves as, the stronger we strive for superiority

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15
Q

Adler: moment one becomes aware of relative weakness…

A

is the beginning of LIFELONG STRUGGLE to overcome sense of inferiority

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16
Q

Adler: virtually everything we do…

A

is designed to establish a sense of SUPERIORITY over life’s obstacles

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17
Q

inferiority complex

A

belief that we’re VASTLY INFERIOR to everyone else

results in feeling of HELPLESSNESS rather than drive to establish superiority

caused by EXCESSIVE FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY

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18
Q

what would someone with an inferiority complex do when faced with a challenge?

A

avoid/run away from it

rather than work to overcome it

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19
Q

Freud vs Adler - example of a businessperson excelling

A

FREUD:
this is SUBLIMATION
- commercial/financial investments are MISPLACED unconscious impulses

ADLER:
key is to COMBINE superiority striving with SOCIAL INTEREST
- only achieve sense of superiority if you reach goals with consideration for the WELFARE OF OTHERS

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20
Q

Adler: only achieve sense of superiority if you reach goals…

A

with consideration for the welfare of others

well adjusted people care about reaching success partly through making “everyone’s life a little happier”

while poorly adjusted people express striving for superiority through selfishness and concern for personal glory at the expense of others

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21
Q

Adler: how do poorly adjusted people express striving for superiority?

A

through SELFISHNESS and CONCERN FOR PERSONAL GLORY

at the EXPENSE of others

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22
Q

did Adler agree with Freud on the importance of the first few years?

A

yes

thought they were very important in the formation of the adult personality

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23
Q

Adler’s new addition to importance of first few years

A

parent’s roles

2 parental behaviours = almost certain to lead to LATER PROBLEMS for kids

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24
Q

Adler’s 2 parental behaviours that are almost certain to lead to later problems for kids

A
  1. pampering
  2. neglect
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25
Q

pampering

A

when parents give kids too much attention

robs child of independence

ADDS to feelings of INFERIORITY

ie. sheltering children from fast rides, aggressive playmates, scary movies

^children may be unable to deal with these setbacks later on

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26
Q

neglect

A

children receiving too little attention

grow up COLD and SUSPICIOUS

uncomfortable with INTIMACY

ill at ease with closeness or touching

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27
Q

neglected kids are ill at ease with…

A

intimacy

closeness

touching

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28
Q

Adler was first to acknowledge impact of ______ ______ in shaping personality

A

birth order

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29
Q

firstborn children

A

excessive attention from parents

but this pampering is SHORT LIVED with arrival of second child

they’re dethroned - now attention must be shared

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30
Q

firstborn’s perception of inferiority is likely to be….

A

strong

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31
Q

examples of firstborn children

A

problem children

neurotics

criminals

drunkards

perverts

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32
Q

middle-born children

A

more positive

never afforded luxury of being pampered

develop STRONG SUPERIORITY STRIVING

not quite as strong, smart, fast as older siblings

always one step behind

so they put in EXTRA EFFORT TO CLOSE THE GAP

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33
Q

who are the highest acheivers?

A

middle children

spend lifetime trying to catch up to older siblings

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34
Q

last-born children

A

PAMPERED throughout childhood by all family members

but this special treatment carries a price

spoiled children are VERY DEPENDENT

lack PERSONAL INITIATIVE

also prone to inferiority feelings because everyone around them are OLDER and STRONGER

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35
Q

Carl Jung

A

Jung resigned from International Psychoanalytic Association

after long and intense disagreement with some basic aspects of Freud’s theory

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36
Q

Carl Jung’s school

A

analytic psychology

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37
Q

Carl Jung’s main contributions

A
  1. the collective unconscious
  2. primordial images
  3. archetypes
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38
Q

why are there so many universal experiences?

A

because of a part of our mind neglected by Freud

the collective unconscious

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39
Q

collective unconscious

A

consists of THOUGHTS and IMAGES that are HARD to bring into AWARENESS

these things were never repressed out of consciousness

each of us is BORN with this unconscious material - it’s basically the SAME for ALL PEOPLE

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40
Q

collective unconscious: as we inherit physical characteristics, we also…

A

inherit psychic characteristics

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41
Q

what is the collective unconscious made of?

A

primordial images

described in terms of a potential to respond to world in a certain way

ie. newborns react quickly to mothers because collective unconscious holds an image of a mother for each of us

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42
Q

primordial images: we react to God, or to the dark, because of…

A

unconscious images inherited from our ancestors

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43
Q

primordial images

A

described in terms of a potential to respond to the world in a certain way

part of the collective unconscious

archetypes and types

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44
Q

archetypes

A

term used to collectively reference primordial images

types: mother, father, wise old man, sun, moon, hero, God, death

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45
Q

types of archetypes

A

mother

father

wise old man

sun

moon

hero

God

death

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46
Q

how many archetypes are there

A

there are as many archetypes as there are typical situations in life

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47
Q

anima

A

female side of the male

deep inside every masculine is a feminine counterpart

Jung

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48
Q

principle function of the anima

A

guide selection of a partner

guides subsequent relationship

look for partner by projecting anima onto potential mates

essentially, an unconscious image of the woman they’re looking for

(same goes the other way for animus)

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49
Q

quote about anima

A

“a man, in his love choice, is strongly tempted to win the woman who best corresponds to his own unconscious femininity”

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50
Q

shadow

A

unconscious parts of ourselves that are essentially NEGATIVE

dark side of our personalities

evil side of humankind

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51
Q

where is the shadow located

A

partly in personal unconscious
- in form of repressed feelings

partly in collective unconscious

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52
Q

animus

A

masculine side of the female

deep inside every woman is a masculine self

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53
Q

shadow - Jung pointed out that evil is present…

A

in myths from all cultures

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54
Q

shadow - Jung argued we see our own objectionable characteristics…

A

in other people

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55
Q

persona

A

public face/role presented to others

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56
Q

self

A

unity, harmony and integration of the entire personality

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57
Q

evidence for collective unconscious

A

Jung studied modern and ancient cultures

but no hard data from rigorous lab experiments

he examined myth, cultural symbols, dreams, statements of schizophrenics

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58
Q

Jung argued that is collective unconscious is the same for all of us, then primordial images should…

A

be found in some form in ALL CULTURES ACROSS TIME

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59
Q

where are primordial images expressed?

A

dreams

symbols

art

folklore

mythology

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60
Q

Erik Erikson background

A

was an artist with no degree

made friends with psychoanalysts and then trained with them

retained several Freudian concepts but made his own contributions too

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61
Q

While Freud saw the ego as a mediator between id impulses and superego demands, Erikson saw the ego as…

A

a relatively powerful, independent part of personality

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62
Q

name of Erikson’s approach

A

ego psychology

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63
Q

Erikson: ego’s principal function

A

establish and maintain a SENSE OF IDENTITY

sense of identity:
includes awareness of our UNIQUENESS and feelings of CONTINUITY with our PAST and our IMAGINED FUTURE

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64
Q

Erik Erikson’s major contributions

A
  1. term identity crisis
  2. personality development throughout life cycle (8 stages)
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65
Q

sense of identity

A

established and maintained by the ego

awareness of our UNIQUENESS

feelings of continuity with our PAST and IMAGINED FUTURE

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66
Q

identity crisis

A

phrase used by Erikson to refer to CONFUSION and DESPAIR we feel when we LACK a strong sense of WHO we are

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67
Q

Freud versus Erikson on personality development

A

FREUD:
believed personality development mostly ends when superego appears at age 5-6

ERIKSON:
maintained personality development continues THROUGHOUT a person’s LIFETIME

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68
Q

Erikson: how many stages of personality development?

A

8

each are crucial in personality development

like a path - walk down it and at 8 points encounter a fork in the road

2 possible directions

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69
Q

Erikson: points where the path splits

A

called CRISES

70
Q

crises

A

where path splits

8 of them (before progression to next stage of personality development)

how we resolve each one determines direction our personality development will take

one direction is ADAPTIVE

other direction IS NOT

71
Q

8 personality development stages

A
  1. infancy
  2. toddler
  3. early childhood
  4. elementary school age
  5. adolescence
  6. young adulthood
  7. adulthood
  8. old age
72
Q

infancy stage

A

TRUST versus MISTRUST

newborns = at mercy of those around them

first turning point in the development of personality

73
Q

infancy stage: if needs are met, develop…

A

BASIC TRUST
(world is good, people are kind/approachable)

if needs aren’t met, develop BASIC MISTRUST
(lifelong pattern of suspicion about/withdrawal from other people)

74
Q

toddler stage

A

AUTONOMY versus SHAME & DOUBT

now kids wanna know WHO THEY ARE relative to rest of world

can they control things or not?

75
Q

toddler stage: if allowed to…

A

MANIPULATE/CONTROL much of what they encounter, develop a sense of AUTONOMY
(confident, can navigate through obstacles and challenges)

overprotective parents can hinder this development - if not allowed to explore and exercise influence, can develop sense of SHAME and DOUBT

76
Q

toddler stage: overprotective parents…

A

can hinder development of autonomy

if kids aren’t allowed to explore and exercise influence

they can develop sense of shame and doubt

77
Q

early childhood

A

INITIATIVE versus GUILT & RESIGNATION

older and interacting with other kids - face social challenges

must learn to play and work with others and resolve conflict

78
Q

early childhood: initiative

A

developed by kids who seek out playmates

learn to organize games and other social activities

set goals and tackle them

sense of ambition and purpose

79
Q

early childhood: guilt & resignation

A

happens if kids fail to develop a sense of initiative

lack sense of purpose

show few signs of initiative in social situations

80
Q

elementary school age

A

INDUSTRY versus INFERIORITY

enter elementary school feeling there’s nothing they can’t do

but then encounter COMPETITION with other kids

COMPARE talents/abilities

81
Q

elementary school age: industry

A

if kids experience success, feelings of competence grow

belief in strengths and abilities

82
Q

elementary school age: inferiority

A

failure leads to feelings of inadequacy and poor happiness and productivity

lack of appreciation for one’s talents and skills

83
Q

adolescence

A

IDENTITY versus ROLE CONFUSION

hard time of life

asking question “who am I?’

84
Q

adolescence: identity

A

if question “who am I?” is answered, develop sense of IDENTITY

make decisions about personal values and religious questions

understand who they are, appreciate and value themselves

85
Q

adolescence: role confusion

A

if fail to develop strong sense of identity

fall into ROLE CONFUSION

may join cliques, commit to causes, drop out of school and drift, try to “find” themselves

86
Q

young adulthood

A

intimacy versus isolation

period of developing intimate relationships

typically results in romantic commitment to one person, but not always

87
Q

young adulthood: intimacy

A

search for special relationship in which to develop INTIMACY

emotional growth

88
Q

young adulthood: isolation

A

occurs when one fails to develop intimacy during this stage

pass through SUPERFICIAL RELATIONSHIPS without finding satisfaction of closeness

may avoid commitment

failure to move beyond non-committal lifestyle

can inhibit emotional growth and happiness

89
Q

adulthood

A

generativity versus stagnation

middle years

concern for guiding next generation

90
Q

adulthood: generativity

A

parents lives are ENRICHED by influence they have on their KIDS

adults without kids meet this need by working with youth groups, playing active role if raising nieces and nephews

91
Q

adulthood: stagnation

A

feelings of emptiness and questioning one’s purpose in life

some parents feel this - obtain little pleasure from raising kids

“failure to see potential growth in development of one’s children is tragic for parent and child alike”

92
Q

old age

A

ego integrity versus despair

reflections on past experiences and life’s inevitable end causes us to develop either sense of integrity or despair

93
Q

old age: ego integrity

A

experienced by those who look back on life with satisfaction

94
Q

old age: despair

A

people who think time is now all too short

like they’ve missed their opportunities

wish they could go back and do it all differently

95
Q

how do old people express their despair?

A

through disgust and contempt for others

96
Q

Karen Horney background

A

wasn’t a student of Freud

studied his work indirectly

began to question basic tenets of Freudian theory

eventually left the institute

97
Q

what did Karen Horney disagree with?

A

Freud’s views concerning women

Freud maintained men and women are born with diff personalities

98
Q

what did Karen Horney argue are responsible for different personalities of men and women

A

Horney argued that SOCIAL/CULTURAL factors are far more responsible than biology for these differences

99
Q

what did Karen Horney explore once she left the institute?

A

cultural and social influences on personality development

100
Q

Karen Horney’s 2 main contributions

A
  1. view on NEUROSIS
  2. “feminine psychology”
101
Q

neurotic people

A

desperately fight off feelings of INADEQUACY and INSECURITY

eventually DRIVE PEOPLE AWAY with their behaviour

but are SCARED on the inside

102
Q

key characteristics of neurotic people

A

trapped in SELF-DEFEATING INTERPERSONAL STYLE

the way they interact with others prevents development of social contact they constantly crave

103
Q

neurosis: defense mechanism

A

destructive interpersonal style

is a defense mechanism

that’s intended to ward off feelings of anxiety

104
Q

Freud’s explanation of neurosis

A

fixated energy and unconscious battles

between aspects of personality

105
Q

Horney’s explanation of neurosis

A

pointed to disturbed interpersonal relationships during CHILDHOOD

children too often grow up in homes that foster FEELINGS OF ANXIETY

can end up raising kids without sense of personal worth, afraid/unsure of how to deal with parents, fear unjust punishment for reasons they can’t understand

DESPERATE for WARMTH and SUPPORT but fail to receive it

106
Q

how do parents foster feelings of anxiety in their children?

A

direct/indirect domination

indifference

erratic behaviour

lack of respect for children’s needs

107
Q

how do kids deal with anxiety brought on by their childhood experience?

A

develop strategies for dealing with threatening people

succeed in short run but individuals come to rely on these strategies even when dealing with those OUTSIDE THE FAMILY

have learned social relationships are a SOURCE OF ANXIETY

108
Q

3 interaction styles adopted by neurotics

A
  1. moving toward people
  2. moving against people
  3. moving away from people
109
Q

moving toward people

A

emphasizing HELPLESSNESS

DEPENDENT on others

compulsive attention/affection seeking

110
Q

neurotics moving toward people - as adults…

A

intense need to feel loved and accepted

believe if only they can find love, everything will be alright

111
Q

neurotics moving toward people - “these people don’t love…”

A

…they cling

they don’t share affection, they demand it

112
Q

moving against people

A

FIGHT against others

AGGRESSION and HOSTILITY in response to poor home environment

no real friendships, just fleeting sense of power

113
Q

neurotics moving against people - as adults…

A

take advantage of their business partners

make hurtful comments

ever present need to EXPLOIT OTHERS

characterized by EXTERNALIZATION

114
Q

moving against people is characterized by…

A

externalization

similar to Freud’s projection

doing things unto others before others can do unto them

only enter into relationships if there’s something to be gained

115
Q

moving away from people

A

simply TUNE OUT the world

intense desire for SELF-SUFFICIENCY and PRIVACY

seek out jobs requiring little interaction with other people

avoid affection, love, friendship

116
Q

moving away from people: emotional attachment might…

A

lead to PAIN remembered from childhood

develop a NUMBNESS to emotional experiences

safest way to avoid anxiety = avoid involvement

117
Q

feminine psychology

A

Freud had disparaging view of women

ie. penis envy: idea that every young girl has a desire to be a boy

118
Q

how did Horney counter Freud’s concept of penis envy

A

womb envy

man’s envy of women’s ability to bear and nurse children

meant by this that each gender has attributes that the other admires

suggested men combat this through achievement in other domains

119
Q

Horney and feminine psychology: identifies that Freud’s observations happened at a time…

A

when society placed women in INFERIOR POSITIONS

if woman living then wished she were a man, was probably because of restrictions/burdens placed on her by her culture (not because of inherent inferiorities)

if society was equal for the genders, then there’s little reason to think girls would want to be boys and vice versa

120
Q

strengths of Neo-Freudian theories

A
  1. ELABORATION of particular concepts Freud neglected or de-emphasized
  • role of social factors in formation & change of personality
  • how personality develops past first few years of life
  • less pessimistic, saw positive functions of ego too
  1. NEW CONCEPTS
  • identity crises
  • introverts
  • inferiority complexes
  1. OPTIMISTIC VIEW paved way for HUMANISTIC PERSONALITY THEORIES
  2. PSYCHOTHERAPIST TECHNIQUES and social learning approaches
121
Q

criticisms of Neo-Freudian theories

A
  1. some Neo-Freudians only have QUESTIONABLE SUPPORTING EVIDENCE

ie. Jung’s conclusions about collective unconscious come from myths, legends, dreams, art, occult phenomena

  1. conclusions are largely BASED on PEOPLE undergoing PSYCHOTHERAPY
  • very different from normally-functioning adults
  1. IGNORE/OVERSIMPLIFY certain concepts
  • fail to effectively address questions central to their theory
  • ie. Erikson = criticized for superficial treatment of anxiety’s role in development of psyc disorders
122
Q

Freud’s quote about religion

A

“the religions of mankind must be classed among the MASS DELUSIONS. no one, needless to say, who shares a delusion ever recognizes it as such”

123
Q

Freud and religion

A

Freud directly challenged conventional thinking about many religious issues

understood its solace for the uneducated

lamented its widespread acceptance by intelligent people

124
Q

Freud’s books on religion

A
  1. The Future of an Illusion
  2. Civilization and Its Discontents
125
Q

what does religion represent to Freud?

A

form of neurosis

begins with baby’s feelings of helplessness/longing for a powerful protector

126
Q

Freud called religion a type of…

A

collective wish fulfillment

to protect ourselves from threatening/unpredictable world, we PROJECT our imagined saviour from this predicament outward in the form of a God

127
Q

who is God to Freud?

A

an unconscious father figure

generated in an infantile way

to provide us with feelings of insecurity

128
Q

Carl Jung and religion

A

his dad was a minister

struggled with religious issues

wavered between favourable and unfavourable impressions of modern religion

129
Q

Jung’s view on religion by end of career

A

seemed to take amore favourable approach to organized religion

acknowledged it often provides followers with:

  • sense of purpose
  • feelings of security
130
Q

Jung’s take on the existence of God

A

outside realm of science

hence nothing he could provide answers about

131
Q

Jung’s interest area of religion was

A

with humankind’s eternal need to find religion

why does religion surface in all cultures?

his answer: we all inherit a GOD ARCHETYPE in our collective unconscious

132
Q

Jung’s godlike archetype

A

answer to why religion is everywhere

we all inherit a godlike archetype in collective unconscious

causes godlike stuff in dreams, folklore, artwork, experiences of people everywhere

although sometimes Jung seems to argue God exists only in human mind, other references suggest he wasn’t ready to make such a bold statement

133
Q

Jung and organized religions and powerful archetypal symbols

A

Jung maintained that organized religions often took advantage of powerful archetypal symbols

in promoting themselves to followers

described Christ as a symbol - 4 points of cross rep good vs bad and spiritual vs material aspects of our being

said religious symbols = often in dreams and psychotic patients’ hallucinations

134
Q

Jung: when life fails to provide reassurance, people seek out…

A

religion to provide reassurance

“modern psychotherapy has taken on the role once reserved for the clergy

churches use confession, absolution, forgives to symbolically help people reconcile their evil sides with their good sides

^psychotherapy does the same

135
Q

Erich Fromm

A

another neo-Freudian

fascinated by seemingly universal need for religion

argued people turn to POWERFUL AUTHORITY of the church to ESCAPE sense of POWERLESSNESS and LONELINESS

Fromm made distinction between AUTHORITARIAN and HUMANISTIC religions

136
Q

Erich Fromm quotes

A

“people return to religion…not as an act of faith but in order to escape an intolerable doubt”

“they make decisions not out of devotion but in search of security”

137
Q

Fromm: authoritarian and humanistic religions

A

AUTHORITARIAN:
- we’re under control of a powerful god

  • deny people their personal identity
  • oppressive

HUMANISTIC:
- god is seen as symbol of our own power

  • provide opportunity for personal growth
  • potential for individuation and finding happiness
138
Q

assessment: personal narratives

A

personality psychologists assess people by asking them to explain their life stories

very telling

they’re saying “this is the kind of person I am, and this is how I got to be that person”

participants are asked to describe scenes from their life

recorded and transcribed

coded and categorized by judges

139
Q

scores from personal narratives tend to be _____ over time

A

consistent

140
Q

questions arising from personal narratives

A

how much credence should researchers give to these autobiographical accounts?

how accurately do people report their life stories?

selective presentatons

but some argue that the way that people choose to remember and construct their past is revealing

141
Q

psychologists have found personal narratives especially useful for studying…

A

Erikson’s stages of personality development

focused on the seventh stage: generativity versus stagnation

142
Q

personal narratives: investigating Erikson’s stages

A

asked elderly adults to write down mems from each decade of life

coded stories according to which Eriksonian theme they portrayed

ie. memory about falling in love coded in intimacy versus isolation category

ie. story about helping grandchild fell into generativity versus stagnation

NUMBER OF STORIES REFLECTING GENERATIVITY THEME PEAKED DURING MIDLIFE DECADES, just as we’d expect from Erikson’s theory

143
Q

personal narratives: what is it about some people that enables them to develop a sense of generativity while others don’t?

A

look at life stories people tell

compared to adults who fail to develop sense of generativity, highly generative adults are likely to tell stories in which BAD SITUATIONS LEAD TO GOOD OUTCOMES

ie. personal tragedy (death of loved one) leads storyteller to increased sensitivity to suffering of others and a COMMITMENT TO HELP THOSE GOING THROUGH SIMILAR EXPERIENCES

so, stories from HIGHLY GENERATIVE ADULTS tend to contain MORE THEMES about FRIENDSHIP, SHARING, AFFILIATION, NURTURANCE

144
Q

Adler was the _____ of ____ children

A

3rd of 6

spent much of his childhood in his brother’s shadow

145
Q

Adler’s childhood ilnesses

A

series of illness

rickets, almost died of pneumonia at 4, twice nearly run over by carts on the street

left him physically unable to keep up with his brother and friends

146
Q

Adler - because of his physical inferiority…

A

he received special treatment from his mom

but this ended with his brother’s birth

“when my younger brother was born she transferred her attention to him, and I felt dethroned”

147
Q

Adler also felt feelings of inferiority in…

A

the classroom

only got mediocre grades, did so bad in math that had to repeat course

teacher advised his parents to take him out of school and get him to apprentice as a shoemaker

but this just motivated Adler

studied furiously and soon became best math student in class

got a medical degree from Uni of Vienna

148
Q

did Adler study under Freud?

A

no

never underwent psychoanalysis either (this was needed to come a practicing psychoanalysts)

but then Freud invited Adler to attend a discussion group after Adler had defended Freud’s theory of dream interpretation

Adler named FIRST PRESIDENT of the group in 1910

149
Q

Freud and Adler’s demise

A

growing disagreements with Freud led to Adler’s resignation

several members joined Adler in the SOCIETY FOR FREE PSYCHOANALYTIC RESEARCH

150
Q

society for free psychoanalytic research

A

started by Adler after he left Freud’s institute

name intended to express objection to Freud’s required adherence to his theory

later Adler changed the name to Individual Psychology

he devoted much of the rest of his life to catching up and trying to surpass Freud

151
Q

Carl Jung candidly…

A

described how his ideas about personality came from introspection and his own experiences

unlike Freud - more debated if his personality theory reflected his unconscious thoughts

152
Q

Jung life dates

A

1875-1961

153
Q

Jung childhood

A

born in small town in Switzerland

highly introspective kid, kept to himself

felt no one would understand his inner thoughts

spent hours pondering meanings of dreams/supernatural visions he experienced

154
Q

Jung teen years

A

preoccupied with feeling he was someone else

began lifelong search for his “number two” personality

155
Q

how did Jung connect with Freud

A

very interested in the human mind

read Freud’d book “The Interpretation of Dreams”

began a correspondence

then became a close colleague of his

156
Q

Jung and Freud demise

A

went on a work trip together

Jung realized how intolerant Freud was to disagreements with his ideas on nature of personality

so Jung left the Vienna group in 1914

157
Q

Jung - 7 years spent virtually…

A

in isolation

exploring “depths of his own unconscious”

immersed himself in fantasies, dreams, visions

in effort to discover true nature of personality

people think this may have been a lengthy psychotic episode (as opposed to a period of voluntary introspection)

158
Q

what did Jung report during his 7 year “introspection”?

A

visits by various figures and images

these came to be the archetypal characters that make up the collective unconscious

159
Q

Erik Erikson life date

A

1902-1994

160
Q

Erik Erikson - quote about his life/identity

A

“it is difficult to imagine a life filled with more identity issues than the one handed to Erik Erikson”

Erikson’s struggle with identity led him to behaviour he would later identify as somewhere between neurotic and psychotic

161
Q

Erikson childhood

A

born in Frankfurt

father abandoned family before his birth

then his mom married a new man and he was told this man was his father

found out the truth as a teenager (his birth was result of an extramarital affair)

162
Q

Erikson’s identity was further confused by…

A

his physical features

lived in a Jewish family, but retained most of the physical features of his Scandinavian father (tall, blond, blue eyes)

felt like an outsider

WW2 - torn feelings of loyalty between Germany and his growing identity as a Dane

163
Q

Erikson’s need to find his own identity erupted…

A

upon graduation from public school

stepfather pushed him towards medicine, but he resisted

wandered around Europe as an artist

then met Anna Freud in Vienna

changed his name to Erik Homburger Erikson - reflection of his changing sense of identity

164
Q

what did Erikson do with the rise of the Nazis?

A

fled to Boston

held positions at Harvard, Yale, Uni of California at Berkeley, Uni of Pennsylvania

165
Q

Erikson’s first book

A

Childhood and Society

published when he was 50

166
Q

Karen Horney life dates

A

1885-1952

167
Q

Karen Horney childhood

A

born in Germany

daughter of sea captain and his young, second wife

faced injustices and rejection than came from being a rebellious woman in a man’s world

father: strict authoritarian who used Bible verse to promote views on male superiority

older brother was awarded opportunities, college, law degree

Karen responded to these inequities by vowing in elementary school to always be first in her class and that she’d go to med school

168
Q

Horney and psychoanalysis

A

went to med school

trained in psychoanalysis - found it insufficient for healing with her lifelong bouts of depression

worked at Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute

and later at New York Psychoanalytic Institute

169
Q

Horney and Freud’s institute

A

her disagreements with aspects of Freudian theory resulted in…

her disqualification as an instructor there

170
Q

Horney after Freud’s institute

A

went on to establish her own highly successful American Institute for Psychoanalysis

made great progress in the battle against male-dominated and paternalistic psychoanalytic school of thought

171
Q

Horney identified 3…

A

neurotic styles

result of interpersonal styles developed in childhood to overcome anxiety

  1. moving towards people
  2. moving away from people
  3. moving against people

Psyc 332 (19 decks)

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