Textbook Chapter 5 Flashcards

Question

pampering

Answer 1

when parents give kids too much attention robs child of independence ADDS to feelings of INFERIORITY ie. sheltering children from fast rides, aggressive playmates, scary movies ^children may be unable to deal with these setbacks later on

Answer 2

children receiving too little attention grow up COLD and SUSPICIOUS uncomfortable with INTIMACY ill at ease with closeness or touching

Answer 3

intimacy closeness touching

Answer 4

birth order

Answer 5

excessive attention from parents but this pampering is SHORT LIVED with arrival of second child they're dethroned - now attention must be shared

Answer 6

problem children neurotics criminals drunkards perverts

Answer 7

more positive never afforded luxury of being pampered develop STRONG SUPERIORITY STRIVING not quite as strong, smart, fast as older siblings always one step behind so they put in EXTRA EFFORT TO CLOSE THE GAP

Answer 8

middle children spend lifetime trying to catch up to older siblings

Answer 9

PAMPERED throughout childhood by all family members but this special treatment carries a price spoiled children are VERY DEPENDENT lack PERSONAL INITIATIVE also prone to inferiority feelings because everyone around them are OLDER and STRONGER

Answer 10

Jung resigned from International Psychoanalytic Association after long and intense disagreement with some basic aspects of Freud's theory

Answer 11

analytic psychology

Answer 12

1. the collective unconscious 2. primordial images 3. archetypes

Answer 13

because of a part of our mind neglected by Freud the collective unconscious

Answer 14

consists of THOUGHTS and IMAGES that are HARD to bring into AWARENESS these things were never repressed out of consciousness each of us is BORN with this unconscious material - it's basically the SAME for ALL PEOPLE

Answer 15

inherit psychic characteristics

Answer 16

primordial images described in terms of a potential to respond to world in a certain way ie. newborns react quickly to mothers because collective unconscious holds an image of a mother for each of us

Answer 17

unconscious images inherited from our ancestors

Answer 18

described in terms of a potential to respond to the world in a certain way part of the collective unconscious archetypes and types

Answer 19

term used to collectively reference primordial images types: mother, father, wise old man, sun, moon, hero, God, death

Answer 20

mother father wise old man sun moon hero God death

Answer 21

there are as many archetypes as there are typical situations in life

Answer 22

female side of the male deep inside every masculine is a feminine counterpart Jung

Answer 23

guide selection of a partner guides subsequent relationship look for partner by projecting anima onto potential mates essentially, an unconscious image of the woman they're looking for (same goes the other way for animus)

Answer 24

"a man, in his love choice, is strongly tempted to win the woman who best corresponds to his own unconscious femininity"

Answer 25

unconscious parts of ourselves that are essentially NEGATIVE dark side of our personalities evil side of humankind

Answer 26

partly in personal unconscious - in form of repressed feelings partly in collective unconscious

Answer 27

masculine side of the female deep inside every woman is a masculine self

Answer 28

in myths from all cultures

Answer 29

in other people

Answer 30

public face/role presented to others

Answer 31

unity, harmony and integration of the entire personality

Answer 32

Jung studied modern and ancient cultures but no hard data from rigorous lab experiments he examined myth, cultural symbols, dreams, statements of schizophrenics

Answer 33

be found in some form in ALL CULTURES ACROSS TIME

Answer 34

dreams symbols art folklore mythology

Answer 35

was an artist with no degree made friends with psychoanalysts and then trained with them retained several Freudian concepts but made his own contributions too

Answer 36

a relatively powerful, independent part of personality

Answer 37

ego psychology

Answer 38

establish and maintain a SENSE OF IDENTITY sense of identity: includes awareness of our UNIQUENESS and feelings of CONTINUITY with our PAST and our IMAGINED FUTURE

Answer 39

1. term identity crisis 2. personality development throughout life cycle (8 stages)

Answer 40

established and maintained by the ego awareness of our UNIQUENESS feelings of continuity with our PAST and IMAGINED FUTURE

Answer 41

phrase used by Erikson to refer to CONFUSION and DESPAIR we feel when we LACK a strong sense of WHO we are

Answer 42

FREUD: believed personality development mostly ends when superego appears at age 5-6 ERIKSON: maintained personality development continues THROUGHOUT a person's LIFETIME

Answer 43

8 each are crucial in personality development like a path - walk down it and at 8 points encounter a fork in the road 2 possible directions

Answer 44

called CRISES

Answer 45

where path splits 8 of them (before progression to next stage of personality development) how we resolve each one determines direction our personality development will take one direction is ADAPTIVE other direction IS NOT

Answer 46

1. infancy 2. toddler 3. early childhood 4. elementary school age 5. adolescence 6. young adulthood 7. adulthood 8. old age

Answer 47

TRUST versus MISTRUST newborns = at mercy of those around them first turning point in the development of personality

Answer 48

BASIC TRUST (world is good, people are kind/approachable) if needs aren't met, develop BASIC MISTRUST (lifelong pattern of suspicion about/withdrawal from other people)

Answer 49

AUTONOMY versus SHAME & DOUBT now kids wanna know WHO THEY ARE relative to rest of world can they control things or not?

Answer 50

MANIPULATE/CONTROL much of what they encounter, develop a sense of AUTONOMY (confident, can navigate through obstacles and challenges) overprotective parents can hinder this development - if not allowed to explore and exercise influence, can develop sense of SHAME and DOUBT

Answer 51

can hinder development of autonomy if kids aren't allowed to explore and exercise influence they can develop sense of shame and doubt

Answer 52

INITIATIVE versus GUILT & RESIGNATION older and interacting with other kids - face social challenges must learn to play and work with others and resolve conflict

Answer 53

developed by kids who seek out playmates learn to organize games and other social activities set goals and tackle them sense of ambition and purpose

Answer 54

happens if kids fail to develop a sense of initiative lack sense of purpose show few signs of initiative in social situations

Answer 55

INDUSTRY versus INFERIORITY enter elementary school feeling there's nothing they can't do but then encounter COMPETITION with other kids COMPARE talents/abilities

Answer 56

if kids experience success, feelings of competence grow belief in strengths and abilities

Answer 57

failure leads to feelings of inadequacy and poor happiness and productivity lack of appreciation for one's talents and skills

Answer 58

IDENTITY versus ROLE CONFUSION hard time of life asking question "who am I?'

Answer 59

if question "who am I?" is answered, develop sense of IDENTITY make decisions about personal values and religious questions understand who they are, appreciate and value themselves

Answer 60

if fail to develop strong sense of identity fall into ROLE CONFUSION may join cliques, commit to causes, drop out of school and drift, try to "find" themselves

Answer 61

intimacy versus isolation period of developing intimate relationships typically results in romantic commitment to one person, but not always

Answer 62

search for special relationship in which to develop INTIMACY emotional growth

Answer 63

occurs when one fails to develop intimacy during this stage pass through SUPERFICIAL RELATIONSHIPS without finding satisfaction of closeness may avoid commitment failure to move beyond non-committal lifestyle can inhibit emotional growth and happiness

Answer 64

generativity versus stagnation middle years concern for guiding next generation

Answer 65

parents lives are ENRICHED by influence they have on their KIDS adults without kids meet this need by working with youth groups, playing active role if raising nieces and nephews

Answer 66

feelings of emptiness and questioning one's purpose in life some parents feel this - obtain little pleasure from raising kids "failure to see potential growth in development of one's children is tragic for parent and child alike"

Answer 67

ego integrity versus despair reflections on past experiences and life's inevitable end causes us to develop either sense of integrity or despair

Answer 68

experienced by those who look back on life with satisfaction

Answer 69

people who think time is now all too short like they've missed their opportunities wish they could go back and do it all differently

Answer 70

through disgust and contempt for others

Answer 71

wasn't a student of Freud studied his work indirectly began to question basic tenets of Freudian theory eventually left the institute

Answer 72

Freud's views concerning women Freud maintained men and women are born with diff personalities

Answer 73

Horney argued that SOCIAL/CULTURAL factors are far more responsible than biology for these differences

Answer 74

cultural and social influences on personality development

Answer 75

1. view on NEUROSIS 2. "feminine psychology"

Answer 76

desperately fight off feelings of INADEQUACY and INSECURITY eventually DRIVE PEOPLE AWAY with their behaviour but are SCARED on the inside

Answer 77

trapped in SELF-DEFEATING INTERPERSONAL STYLE the way they interact with others prevents development of social contact they constantly crave

Answer 78

destructive interpersonal style is a defense mechanism that's intended to ward off feelings of anxiety

Answer 79

fixated energy and unconscious battles between aspects of personality

Answer 80

pointed to disturbed interpersonal relationships during CHILDHOOD children too often grow up in homes that foster FEELINGS OF ANXIETY can end up raising kids without sense of personal worth, afraid/unsure of how to deal with parents, fear unjust punishment for reasons they can't understand DESPERATE for WARMTH and SUPPORT but fail to receive it

Answer 81

direct/indirect domination indifference erratic behaviour lack of respect for children's needs

Answer 82

develop strategies for dealing with threatening people succeed in short run but individuals come to rely on these strategies even when dealing with those OUTSIDE THE FAMILY have learned social relationships are a SOURCE OF ANXIETY

Answer 83

1. moving toward people 2. moving against people 3. moving away from people

Answer 84

emphasizing HELPLESSNESS DEPENDENT on others compulsive attention/affection seeking

Answer 85

intense need to feel loved and accepted believe if only they can find love, everything will be alright

Answer 86

...they cling they don't share affection, they demand it

Answer 87

FIGHT against others AGGRESSION and HOSTILITY in response to poor home environment no real friendships, just fleeting sense of power

Answer 88

take advantage of their business partners make hurtful comments ever present need to EXPLOIT OTHERS characterized by EXTERNALIZATION

Answer 89

externalization similar to Freud's projection doing things unto others before others can do unto them only enter into relationships if there's something to be gained

Answer 90

simply TUNE OUT the world intense desire for SELF-SUFFICIENCY and PRIVACY seek out jobs requiring little interaction with other people avoid affection, love, friendship

Answer 91

lead to PAIN remembered from childhood develop a NUMBNESS to emotional experiences safest way to avoid anxiety = avoid involvement

Answer 92

Freud had disparaging view of women ie. penis envy: idea that every young girl has a desire to be a boy

Answer 93

womb envy man's envy of women's ability to bear and nurse children meant by this that each gender has attributes that the other admires suggested men combat this through achievement in other domains

Answer 94

when society placed women in INFERIOR POSITIONS if woman living then wished she were a man, was probably because of restrictions/burdens placed on her by her culture (not because of inherent inferiorities) if society was equal for the genders, then there's little reason to think girls would want to be boys and vice versa

Answer 95

1. ELABORATION of particular concepts Freud neglected or de-emphasized - role of social factors in formation & change of personality - how personality develops past first few years of life - less pessimistic, saw positive functions of ego too 2. NEW CONCEPTS - identity crises - introverts - inferiority complexes 3. OPTIMISTIC VIEW paved way for HUMANISTIC PERSONALITY THEORIES 4. PSYCHOTHERAPIST TECHNIQUES and social learning approaches

Answer 96

1. some Neo-Freudians only have QUESTIONABLE SUPPORTING EVIDENCE ie. Jung's conclusions about collective unconscious come from myths, legends, dreams, art, occult phenomena 2. conclusions are largely BASED on PEOPLE undergoing PSYCHOTHERAPY - very different from normally-functioning adults 3. IGNORE/OVERSIMPLIFY certain concepts - fail to effectively address questions central to their theory - ie. Erikson = criticized for superficial treatment of anxiety's role in development of psyc disorders

Answer 97

"the religions of mankind must be classed among the MASS DELUSIONS. no one, needless to say, who shares a delusion ever recognizes it as such"

Answer 98

Freud directly challenged conventional thinking about many religious issues understood its solace for the uneducated lamented its widespread acceptance by intelligent people

Answer 99

1. The Future of an Illusion 2. Civilization and Its Discontents

Answer 100

form of neurosis begins with baby's feelings of helplessness/longing for a powerful protector

Answer 101

collective wish fulfillment to protect ourselves from threatening/unpredictable world, we PROJECT our imagined saviour from this predicament outward in the form of a God

Answer 102

an unconscious father figure generated in an infantile way to provide us with feelings of insecurity

Answer 103

his dad was a minister struggled with religious issues wavered between favourable and unfavourable impressions of modern religion

Answer 104

seemed to take amore favourable approach to organized religion acknowledged it often provides followers with: - sense of purpose - feelings of security

Answer 105

outside realm of science hence nothing he could provide answers about

Answer 106

with humankind's eternal need to find religion why does religion surface in all cultures? his answer: we all inherit a GOD ARCHETYPE in our collective unconscious

Answer 107

answer to why religion is everywhere we all inherit a godlike archetype in collective unconscious causes godlike stuff in dreams, folklore, artwork, experiences of people everywhere although sometimes Jung seems to argue God exists only in human mind, other references suggest he wasn't ready to make such a bold statement

Answer 108

Jung maintained that organized religions often took advantage of powerful archetypal symbols in promoting themselves to followers described Christ as a symbol - 4 points of cross rep good vs bad and spiritual vs material aspects of our being said religious symbols = often in dreams and psychotic patients' hallucinations

Answer 109

religion to provide reassurance "modern psychotherapy has taken on the role once reserved for the clergy churches use confession, absolution, forgives to symbolically help people reconcile their evil sides with their good sides ^psychotherapy does the same

Answer 110

another neo-Freudian fascinated by seemingly universal need for religion argued people turn to POWERFUL AUTHORITY of the church to ESCAPE sense of POWERLESSNESS and LONELINESS Fromm made distinction between AUTHORITARIAN and HUMANISTIC religions

Answer 111

"people return to religion...not as an act of faith but in order to escape an intolerable doubt" "they make decisions not out of devotion but in search of security"

Answer 112

AUTHORITARIAN: - we're under control of a powerful god - deny people their personal identity - oppressive HUMANISTIC: - god is seen as symbol of our own power - provide opportunity for personal growth - potential for individuation and finding happiness

Answer 113

personality psychologists assess people by asking them to explain their life stories very telling they're saying "this is the kind of person I am, and this is how I got to be that person" participants are asked to describe scenes from their life recorded and transcribed coded and categorized by judges

Answer 114

consistent

Answer 115

how much credence should researchers give to these autobiographical accounts? how accurately do people report their life stories? selective presentatons but some argue that the way that people choose to remember and construct their past is revealing

Answer 116

Erikson's stages of personality development focused on the seventh stage: generativity versus stagnation

Answer 117

asked elderly adults to write down mems from each decade of life coded stories according to which Eriksonian theme they portrayed ie. memory about falling in love coded in intimacy versus isolation category ie. story about helping grandchild fell into generativity versus stagnation NUMBER OF STORIES REFLECTING GENERATIVITY THEME PEAKED DURING MIDLIFE DECADES, just as we'd expect from Erikson's theory

Answer 118

look at life stories people tell compared to adults who fail to develop sense of generativity, highly generative adults are likely to tell stories in which BAD SITUATIONS LEAD TO GOOD OUTCOMES ie. personal tragedy (death of loved one) leads storyteller to increased sensitivity to suffering of others and a COMMITMENT TO HELP THOSE GOING THROUGH SIMILAR EXPERIENCES so, stories from HIGHLY GENERATIVE ADULTS tend to contain MORE THEMES about FRIENDSHIP, SHARING, AFFILIATION, NURTURANCE

Answer 119

3rd of 6 spent much of his childhood in his brother's shadow

Answer 120

series of illness rickets, almost died of pneumonia at 4, twice nearly run over by carts on the street left him physically unable to keep up with his brother and friends

Answer 121

he received special treatment from his mom but this ended with his brother's birth "when my younger brother was born she transferred her attention to him, and I felt dethroned"

Answer 122

the classroom only got mediocre grades, did so bad in math that had to repeat course teacher advised his parents to take him out of school and get him to apprentice as a shoemaker but this just motivated Adler studied furiously and soon became best math student in class got a medical degree from Uni of Vienna

Answer 123

no never underwent psychoanalysis either (this was needed to come a practicing psychoanalysts) but then Freud invited Adler to attend a discussion group after Adler had defended Freud's theory of dream interpretation Adler named FIRST PRESIDENT of the group in 1910

Answer 124

growing disagreements with Freud led to Adler's resignation several members joined Adler in the SOCIETY FOR FREE PSYCHOANALYTIC RESEARCH

Answer 125

started by Adler after he left Freud's institute name intended to express objection to Freud's required adherence to his theory later Adler changed the name to Individual Psychology he devoted much of the rest of his life to catching up and trying to surpass Freud

Answer 126

described how his ideas about personality came from introspection and his own experiences unlike Freud - more debated if his personality theory reflected his unconscious thoughts

Answer 127

born in small town in Switzerland highly introspective kid, kept to himself felt no one would understand his inner thoughts spent hours pondering meanings of dreams/supernatural visions he experienced

Answer 128

preoccupied with feeling he was someone else began lifelong search for his "number two" personality

Answer 129

very interested in the human mind read Freud'd book "The Interpretation of Dreams" began a correspondence then became a close colleague of his

Answer 130

went on a work trip together Jung realized how intolerant Freud was to disagreements with his ideas on nature of personality so Jung left the Vienna group in 1914

Answer 131

in isolation exploring "depths of his own unconscious" immersed himself in fantasies, dreams, visions in effort to discover true nature of personality people think this may have been a lengthy psychotic episode (as opposed to a period of voluntary introspection)

Answer 132

visits by various figures and images these came to be the archetypal characters that make up the collective unconscious

Answer 133

"it is difficult to imagine a life filled with more identity issues than the one handed to Erik Erikson" Erikson's struggle with identity led him to behaviour he would later identify as somewhere between neurotic and psychotic

Answer 134

born in Frankfurt father abandoned family before his birth then his mom married a new man and he was told this man was his father found out the truth as a teenager (his birth was result of an extramarital affair)

Answer 135

his physical features lived in a Jewish family, but retained most of the physical features of his Scandinavian father (tall, blond, blue eyes) felt like an outsider WW2 - torn feelings of loyalty between Germany and his growing identity as a Dane

Answer 136

upon graduation from public school stepfather pushed him towards medicine, but he resisted wandered around Europe as an artist then met Anna Freud in Vienna changed his name to Erik Homburger Erikson - reflection of his changing sense of identity

Answer 137

fled to Boston held positions at Harvard, Yale, Uni of California at Berkeley, Uni of Pennsylvania

Answer 138

Childhood and Society published when he was 50

Answer 139

born in Germany daughter of sea captain and his young, second wife faced injustices and rejection than came from being a rebellious woman in a man's world father: strict authoritarian who used Bible verse to promote views on male superiority older brother was awarded opportunities, college, law degree Karen responded to these inequities by vowing in elementary school to always be first in her class and that she'd go to med school

Answer 140

went to med school trained in psychoanalysis - found it insufficient for healing with her lifelong bouts of depression worked at Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute and later at New York Psychoanalytic Institute

Answer 141

her disagreements with aspects of Freudian theory resulted in... her disqualification as an instructor there

Answer 142

went on to establish her own highly successful American Institute for Psychoanalysis made great progress in the battle against male-dominated and paternalistic psychoanalytic school of thought

Answer 143

neurotic styles result of interpersonal styles developed in childhood to overcome anxiety 1. moving towards people 2. moving away from people 3. moving against people