Textbook Chapter 5 Flashcards
neo-Freudians
Freud attracted many talented minds
they came up with their own theories
many left his school to pursue new ideas - but still rooted in Freudian theory and psychoanalysis
not radically new approaches to personality
what did the neo-Freudians retain?
- retained UNCONSCIOUS as key determinant of behaviour
- agreed about impact of EARLY CHILDHOOD experiences on personality
^ although many felt that later experiences also influenced adult personality
- also mostly accept DEFENSE MECHANISMS and DREAM INTERPRETATION
neo-freudians are viewed as different perspectives within the general…
psychoanalytic approach to personality
“Freudians, Jungians, Adlerians” point to fact that
they treat their theory’s developer as more of a prophet than a theorist
3 limits/liabilities of Freudian Theory
- many neo-freudians rejected that adult personality is FORMED almost entirely by experiences in the FIRST 5-6 YEARS OF LIFE
- challenged Freud’s emphasis on INSTINCTUAL SOURCES of personality
- Freud failed to recognize many SOCIAL/CULTURAL FORCES that shape who we are
- Freudian theory is generally NEGATIVE IN TONE
- pessimistic and degrading view of human nature (people largely controlled by instincts/unconscious forces)
Erik Erikson and course of personality development
Erik Erikson maintained that important aspects of personality continue to develop into old age
Karen Horney and sex differences in personality
argued that culture results in sex differences
whereas Freud would argue diffs are instinctual
later theorists explored ________ functions of the ego
constructive
later theorists emphasized role of the ________ rather than ___________ determinants of behaviour
conscious
unconscious determinants
Alfred Adler’s new approach
individual psychology
who was the first member of the psychoanalytic group to break from Freud?
Alfred Adler
Alfred Adler’s important contributions
- striving for superiority
- role of parental influence on personality development
- effects of birth order
key difference between Adler and Freud
description of human motivation
FREUD: motivation in terms of sexual/aggressive themes
ADLER: striving for superiority is the root of all actions
striving for superiority begins with…
feelings of inferiority
each of us begins life with profound sense of inferiority
weak/helpless/dependent as children
the more inferior we see ourselves as, the stronger we strive for superiority
Adler: moment one becomes aware of relative weakness…
is the beginning of LIFELONG STRUGGLE to overcome sense of inferiority
Adler: virtually everything we do…
is designed to establish a sense of SUPERIORITY over life’s obstacles
inferiority complex
belief that we’re VASTLY INFERIOR to everyone else
results in feeling of HELPLESSNESS rather than drive to establish superiority
caused by EXCESSIVE FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY
what would someone with an inferiority complex do when faced with a challenge?
avoid/run away from it
rather than work to overcome it
Freud vs Adler - example of a businessperson excelling
FREUD:
this is SUBLIMATION
- commercial/financial investments are MISPLACED unconscious impulses
ADLER:
key is to COMBINE superiority striving with SOCIAL INTEREST
- only achieve sense of superiority if you reach goals with consideration for the WELFARE OF OTHERS
Adler: only achieve sense of superiority if you reach goals…
with consideration for the welfare of others
well adjusted people care about reaching success partly through making “everyone’s life a little happier”
while poorly adjusted people express striving for superiority through selfishness and concern for personal glory at the expense of others
Adler: how do poorly adjusted people express striving for superiority?
through SELFISHNESS and CONCERN FOR PERSONAL GLORY
at the EXPENSE of others
did Adler agree with Freud on the importance of the first few years?
yes
thought they were very important in the formation of the adult personality
Adler’s new addition to importance of first few years
parent’s roles
2 parental behaviours = almost certain to lead to LATER PROBLEMS for kids
Adler’s 2 parental behaviours that are almost certain to lead to later problems for kids
- pampering
- neglect
pampering
when parents give kids too much attention
robs child of independence
ADDS to feelings of INFERIORITY
ie. sheltering children from fast rides, aggressive playmates, scary movies
^children may be unable to deal with these setbacks later on
neglect
children receiving too little attention
grow up COLD and SUSPICIOUS
uncomfortable with INTIMACY
ill at ease with closeness or touching
neglected kids are ill at ease with…
intimacy
closeness
touching
Adler was first to acknowledge impact of ______ ______ in shaping personality
birth order
firstborn children
excessive attention from parents
but this pampering is SHORT LIVED with arrival of second child
they’re dethroned - now attention must be shared
firstborn’s perception of inferiority is likely to be….
strong
examples of firstborn children
problem children
neurotics
criminals
drunkards
perverts
middle-born children
more positive
never afforded luxury of being pampered
develop STRONG SUPERIORITY STRIVING
not quite as strong, smart, fast as older siblings
always one step behind
so they put in EXTRA EFFORT TO CLOSE THE GAP
who are the highest acheivers?
middle children
spend lifetime trying to catch up to older siblings
last-born children
PAMPERED throughout childhood by all family members
but this special treatment carries a price
spoiled children are VERY DEPENDENT
lack PERSONAL INITIATIVE
also prone to inferiority feelings because everyone around them are OLDER and STRONGER
Carl Jung
Jung resigned from International Psychoanalytic Association
after long and intense disagreement with some basic aspects of Freud’s theory
Carl Jung’s school
analytic psychology
Carl Jung’s main contributions
- the collective unconscious
- primordial images
- archetypes
why are there so many universal experiences?
because of a part of our mind neglected by Freud
the collective unconscious
collective unconscious
consists of THOUGHTS and IMAGES that are HARD to bring into AWARENESS
these things were never repressed out of consciousness
each of us is BORN with this unconscious material - it’s basically the SAME for ALL PEOPLE
collective unconscious: as we inherit physical characteristics, we also…
inherit psychic characteristics
what is the collective unconscious made of?
primordial images
described in terms of a potential to respond to world in a certain way
ie. newborns react quickly to mothers because collective unconscious holds an image of a mother for each of us
primordial images: we react to God, or to the dark, because of…
unconscious images inherited from our ancestors
primordial images
described in terms of a potential to respond to the world in a certain way
part of the collective unconscious
archetypes and types
archetypes
term used to collectively reference primordial images
types: mother, father, wise old man, sun, moon, hero, God, death
types of archetypes
mother
father
wise old man
sun
moon
hero
God
death
how many archetypes are there
there are as many archetypes as there are typical situations in life
anima
female side of the male
deep inside every masculine is a feminine counterpart
Jung
principle function of the anima
guide selection of a partner
guides subsequent relationship
look for partner by projecting anima onto potential mates
essentially, an unconscious image of the woman they’re looking for
(same goes the other way for animus)
quote about anima
“a man, in his love choice, is strongly tempted to win the woman who best corresponds to his own unconscious femininity”
shadow
unconscious parts of ourselves that are essentially NEGATIVE
dark side of our personalities
evil side of humankind
where is the shadow located
partly in personal unconscious
- in form of repressed feelings
partly in collective unconscious
animus
masculine side of the female
deep inside every woman is a masculine self
shadow - Jung pointed out that evil is present…
in myths from all cultures
shadow - Jung argued we see our own objectionable characteristics…
in other people
persona
public face/role presented to others
self
unity, harmony and integration of the entire personality
evidence for collective unconscious
Jung studied modern and ancient cultures
but no hard data from rigorous lab experiments
he examined myth, cultural symbols, dreams, statements of schizophrenics
Jung argued that is collective unconscious is the same for all of us, then primordial images should…
be found in some form in ALL CULTURES ACROSS TIME
where are primordial images expressed?
dreams
symbols
art
folklore
mythology
Erik Erikson background
was an artist with no degree
made friends with psychoanalysts and then trained with them
retained several Freudian concepts but made his own contributions too
While Freud saw the ego as a mediator between id impulses and superego demands, Erikson saw the ego as…
a relatively powerful, independent part of personality
name of Erikson’s approach
ego psychology
Erikson: ego’s principal function
establish and maintain a SENSE OF IDENTITY
sense of identity:
includes awareness of our UNIQUENESS and feelings of CONTINUITY with our PAST and our IMAGINED FUTURE
Erik Erikson’s major contributions
- term identity crisis
- personality development throughout life cycle (8 stages)
sense of identity
established and maintained by the ego
awareness of our UNIQUENESS
feelings of continuity with our PAST and IMAGINED FUTURE
identity crisis
phrase used by Erikson to refer to CONFUSION and DESPAIR we feel when we LACK a strong sense of WHO we are
Freud versus Erikson on personality development
FREUD:
believed personality development mostly ends when superego appears at age 5-6
ERIKSON:
maintained personality development continues THROUGHOUT a person’s LIFETIME
Erikson: how many stages of personality development?
8
each are crucial in personality development
like a path - walk down it and at 8 points encounter a fork in the road
2 possible directions
Erikson: points where the path splits
called CRISES
crises
where path splits
8 of them (before progression to next stage of personality development)
how we resolve each one determines direction our personality development will take
one direction is ADAPTIVE
other direction IS NOT
8 personality development stages
- infancy
- toddler
- early childhood
- elementary school age
- adolescence
- young adulthood
- adulthood
- old age
infancy stage
TRUST versus MISTRUST
newborns = at mercy of those around them
first turning point in the development of personality
infancy stage: if needs are met, develop…
BASIC TRUST
(world is good, people are kind/approachable)
if needs aren’t met, develop BASIC MISTRUST
(lifelong pattern of suspicion about/withdrawal from other people)
toddler stage
AUTONOMY versus SHAME & DOUBT
now kids wanna know WHO THEY ARE relative to rest of world
can they control things or not?
toddler stage: if allowed to…
MANIPULATE/CONTROL much of what they encounter, develop a sense of AUTONOMY
(confident, can navigate through obstacles and challenges)
overprotective parents can hinder this development - if not allowed to explore and exercise influence, can develop sense of SHAME and DOUBT
toddler stage: overprotective parents…
can hinder development of autonomy
if kids aren’t allowed to explore and exercise influence
they can develop sense of shame and doubt
early childhood
INITIATIVE versus GUILT & RESIGNATION
older and interacting with other kids - face social challenges
must learn to play and work with others and resolve conflict
early childhood: initiative
developed by kids who seek out playmates
learn to organize games and other social activities
set goals and tackle them
sense of ambition and purpose
early childhood: guilt & resignation
happens if kids fail to develop a sense of initiative
lack sense of purpose
show few signs of initiative in social situations
elementary school age
INDUSTRY versus INFERIORITY
enter elementary school feeling there’s nothing they can’t do
but then encounter COMPETITION with other kids
COMPARE talents/abilities
elementary school age: industry
if kids experience success, feelings of competence grow
belief in strengths and abilities
elementary school age: inferiority
failure leads to feelings of inadequacy and poor happiness and productivity
lack of appreciation for one’s talents and skills
adolescence
IDENTITY versus ROLE CONFUSION
hard time of life
asking question “who am I?’
adolescence: identity
if question “who am I?” is answered, develop sense of IDENTITY
make decisions about personal values and religious questions
understand who they are, appreciate and value themselves
adolescence: role confusion
if fail to develop strong sense of identity
fall into ROLE CONFUSION
may join cliques, commit to causes, drop out of school and drift, try to “find” themselves
young adulthood
intimacy versus isolation
period of developing intimate relationships
typically results in romantic commitment to one person, but not always
young adulthood: intimacy
search for special relationship in which to develop INTIMACY
emotional growth
young adulthood: isolation
occurs when one fails to develop intimacy during this stage
pass through SUPERFICIAL RELATIONSHIPS without finding satisfaction of closeness
may avoid commitment
failure to move beyond non-committal lifestyle
can inhibit emotional growth and happiness
adulthood
generativity versus stagnation
middle years
concern for guiding next generation
adulthood: generativity
parents lives are ENRICHED by influence they have on their KIDS
adults without kids meet this need by working with youth groups, playing active role if raising nieces and nephews
adulthood: stagnation
feelings of emptiness and questioning one’s purpose in life
some parents feel this - obtain little pleasure from raising kids
“failure to see potential growth in development of one’s children is tragic for parent and child alike”
old age
ego integrity versus despair
reflections on past experiences and life’s inevitable end causes us to develop either sense of integrity or despair
old age: ego integrity
experienced by those who look back on life with satisfaction
old age: despair
people who think time is now all too short
like they’ve missed their opportunities
wish they could go back and do it all differently
how do old people express their despair?
through disgust and contempt for others
Karen Horney background
wasn’t a student of Freud
studied his work indirectly
began to question basic tenets of Freudian theory
eventually left the institute
what did Karen Horney disagree with?
Freud’s views concerning women
Freud maintained men and women are born with diff personalities
what did Karen Horney argue are responsible for different personalities of men and women
Horney argued that SOCIAL/CULTURAL factors are far more responsible than biology for these differences
what did Karen Horney explore once she left the institute?
cultural and social influences on personality development
Karen Horney’s 2 main contributions
- view on NEUROSIS
- “feminine psychology”
neurotic people
desperately fight off feelings of INADEQUACY and INSECURITY
eventually DRIVE PEOPLE AWAY with their behaviour
but are SCARED on the inside
key characteristics of neurotic people
trapped in SELF-DEFEATING INTERPERSONAL STYLE
the way they interact with others prevents development of social contact they constantly crave
neurosis: defense mechanism
destructive interpersonal style
is a defense mechanism
that’s intended to ward off feelings of anxiety
Freud’s explanation of neurosis
fixated energy and unconscious battles
between aspects of personality
Horney’s explanation of neurosis
pointed to disturbed interpersonal relationships during CHILDHOOD
children too often grow up in homes that foster FEELINGS OF ANXIETY
can end up raising kids without sense of personal worth, afraid/unsure of how to deal with parents, fear unjust punishment for reasons they can’t understand
DESPERATE for WARMTH and SUPPORT but fail to receive it
how do parents foster feelings of anxiety in their children?
direct/indirect domination
indifference
erratic behaviour
lack of respect for children’s needs
how do kids deal with anxiety brought on by their childhood experience?
develop strategies for dealing with threatening people
succeed in short run but individuals come to rely on these strategies even when dealing with those OUTSIDE THE FAMILY
have learned social relationships are a SOURCE OF ANXIETY
3 interaction styles adopted by neurotics
- moving toward people
- moving against people
- moving away from people
moving toward people
emphasizing HELPLESSNESS
DEPENDENT on others
compulsive attention/affection seeking
neurotics moving toward people - as adults…
intense need to feel loved and accepted
believe if only they can find love, everything will be alright
neurotics moving toward people - “these people don’t love…”
…they cling
they don’t share affection, they demand it
moving against people
FIGHT against others
AGGRESSION and HOSTILITY in response to poor home environment
no real friendships, just fleeting sense of power
neurotics moving against people - as adults…
take advantage of their business partners
make hurtful comments
ever present need to EXPLOIT OTHERS
characterized by EXTERNALIZATION
moving against people is characterized by…
externalization
similar to Freud’s projection
doing things unto others before others can do unto them
only enter into relationships if there’s something to be gained
moving away from people
simply TUNE OUT the world
intense desire for SELF-SUFFICIENCY and PRIVACY
seek out jobs requiring little interaction with other people
avoid affection, love, friendship
moving away from people: emotional attachment might…
lead to PAIN remembered from childhood
develop a NUMBNESS to emotional experiences
safest way to avoid anxiety = avoid involvement
feminine psychology
Freud had disparaging view of women
ie. penis envy: idea that every young girl has a desire to be a boy
how did Horney counter Freud’s concept of penis envy
womb envy
man’s envy of women’s ability to bear and nurse children
meant by this that each gender has attributes that the other admires
suggested men combat this through achievement in other domains
Horney and feminine psychology: identifies that Freud’s observations happened at a time…
when society placed women in INFERIOR POSITIONS
if woman living then wished she were a man, was probably because of restrictions/burdens placed on her by her culture (not because of inherent inferiorities)
if society was equal for the genders, then there’s little reason to think girls would want to be boys and vice versa
strengths of Neo-Freudian theories
- ELABORATION of particular concepts Freud neglected or de-emphasized
- role of social factors in formation & change of personality
- how personality develops past first few years of life
- less pessimistic, saw positive functions of ego too
- NEW CONCEPTS
- identity crises
- introverts
- inferiority complexes
- OPTIMISTIC VIEW paved way for HUMANISTIC PERSONALITY THEORIES
- PSYCHOTHERAPIST TECHNIQUES and social learning approaches
criticisms of Neo-Freudian theories
- some Neo-Freudians only have QUESTIONABLE SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
ie. Jung’s conclusions about collective unconscious come from myths, legends, dreams, art, occult phenomena
- conclusions are largely BASED on PEOPLE undergoing PSYCHOTHERAPY
- very different from normally-functioning adults
- IGNORE/OVERSIMPLIFY certain concepts
- fail to effectively address questions central to their theory
- ie. Erikson = criticized for superficial treatment of anxiety’s role in development of psyc disorders
Freud’s quote about religion
“the religions of mankind must be classed among the MASS DELUSIONS. no one, needless to say, who shares a delusion ever recognizes it as such”
Freud and religion
Freud directly challenged conventional thinking about many religious issues
understood its solace for the uneducated
lamented its widespread acceptance by intelligent people
Freud’s books on religion
- The Future of an Illusion
- Civilization and Its Discontents
what does religion represent to Freud?
form of neurosis
begins with baby’s feelings of helplessness/longing for a powerful protector
Freud called religion a type of…
collective wish fulfillment
to protect ourselves from threatening/unpredictable world, we PROJECT our imagined saviour from this predicament outward in the form of a God
who is God to Freud?
an unconscious father figure
generated in an infantile way
to provide us with feelings of insecurity
Carl Jung and religion
his dad was a minister
struggled with religious issues
wavered between favourable and unfavourable impressions of modern religion
Jung’s view on religion by end of career
seemed to take amore favourable approach to organized religion
acknowledged it often provides followers with:
- sense of purpose
- feelings of security
Jung’s take on the existence of God
outside realm of science
hence nothing he could provide answers about
Jung’s interest area of religion was
with humankind’s eternal need to find religion
why does religion surface in all cultures?
his answer: we all inherit a GOD ARCHETYPE in our collective unconscious
Jung’s godlike archetype
answer to why religion is everywhere
we all inherit a godlike archetype in collective unconscious
causes godlike stuff in dreams, folklore, artwork, experiences of people everywhere
although sometimes Jung seems to argue God exists only in human mind, other references suggest he wasn’t ready to make such a bold statement
Jung and organized religions and powerful archetypal symbols
Jung maintained that organized religions often took advantage of powerful archetypal symbols
in promoting themselves to followers
described Christ as a symbol - 4 points of cross rep good vs bad and spiritual vs material aspects of our being
said religious symbols = often in dreams and psychotic patients’ hallucinations
Jung: when life fails to provide reassurance, people seek out…
religion to provide reassurance
“modern psychotherapy has taken on the role once reserved for the clergy
churches use confession, absolution, forgives to symbolically help people reconcile their evil sides with their good sides
^psychotherapy does the same
Erich Fromm
another neo-Freudian
fascinated by seemingly universal need for religion
argued people turn to POWERFUL AUTHORITY of the church to ESCAPE sense of POWERLESSNESS and LONELINESS
Fromm made distinction between AUTHORITARIAN and HUMANISTIC religions
Erich Fromm quotes
“people return to religion…not as an act of faith but in order to escape an intolerable doubt”
“they make decisions not out of devotion but in search of security”
Fromm: authoritarian and humanistic religions
AUTHORITARIAN:
- we’re under control of a powerful god
- deny people their personal identity
- oppressive
HUMANISTIC:
- god is seen as symbol of our own power
- provide opportunity for personal growth
- potential for individuation and finding happiness
assessment: personal narratives
personality psychologists assess people by asking them to explain their life stories
very telling
they’re saying “this is the kind of person I am, and this is how I got to be that person”
participants are asked to describe scenes from their life
recorded and transcribed
coded and categorized by judges
scores from personal narratives tend to be _____ over time
consistent
questions arising from personal narratives
how much credence should researchers give to these autobiographical accounts?
how accurately do people report their life stories?
selective presentatons
but some argue that the way that people choose to remember and construct their past is revealing
psychologists have found personal narratives especially useful for studying…
Erikson’s stages of personality development
focused on the seventh stage: generativity versus stagnation
personal narratives: investigating Erikson’s stages
asked elderly adults to write down mems from each decade of life
coded stories according to which Eriksonian theme they portrayed
ie. memory about falling in love coded in intimacy versus isolation category
ie. story about helping grandchild fell into generativity versus stagnation
NUMBER OF STORIES REFLECTING GENERATIVITY THEME PEAKED DURING MIDLIFE DECADES, just as we’d expect from Erikson’s theory
personal narratives: what is it about some people that enables them to develop a sense of generativity while others don’t?
look at life stories people tell
compared to adults who fail to develop sense of generativity, highly generative adults are likely to tell stories in which BAD SITUATIONS LEAD TO GOOD OUTCOMES
ie. personal tragedy (death of loved one) leads storyteller to increased sensitivity to suffering of others and a COMMITMENT TO HELP THOSE GOING THROUGH SIMILAR EXPERIENCES
so, stories from HIGHLY GENERATIVE ADULTS tend to contain MORE THEMES about FRIENDSHIP, SHARING, AFFILIATION, NURTURANCE
Adler was the _____ of ____ children
3rd of 6
spent much of his childhood in his brother’s shadow
Adler’s childhood ilnesses
series of illness
rickets, almost died of pneumonia at 4, twice nearly run over by carts on the street
left him physically unable to keep up with his brother and friends
Adler - because of his physical inferiority…
he received special treatment from his mom
but this ended with his brother’s birth
“when my younger brother was born she transferred her attention to him, and I felt dethroned”
Adler also felt feelings of inferiority in…
the classroom
only got mediocre grades, did so bad in math that had to repeat course
teacher advised his parents to take him out of school and get him to apprentice as a shoemaker
but this just motivated Adler
studied furiously and soon became best math student in class
got a medical degree from Uni of Vienna
did Adler study under Freud?
no
never underwent psychoanalysis either (this was needed to come a practicing psychoanalysts)
but then Freud invited Adler to attend a discussion group after Adler had defended Freud’s theory of dream interpretation
Adler named FIRST PRESIDENT of the group in 1910
Freud and Adler’s demise
growing disagreements with Freud led to Adler’s resignation
several members joined Adler in the SOCIETY FOR FREE PSYCHOANALYTIC RESEARCH
society for free psychoanalytic research
started by Adler after he left Freud’s institute
name intended to express objection to Freud’s required adherence to his theory
later Adler changed the name to Individual Psychology
he devoted much of the rest of his life to catching up and trying to surpass Freud
Carl Jung candidly…
described how his ideas about personality came from introspection and his own experiences
unlike Freud - more debated if his personality theory reflected his unconscious thoughts
Jung life dates
1875-1961
Jung childhood
born in small town in Switzerland
highly introspective kid, kept to himself
felt no one would understand his inner thoughts
spent hours pondering meanings of dreams/supernatural visions he experienced
Jung teen years
preoccupied with feeling he was someone else
began lifelong search for his “number two” personality
how did Jung connect with Freud
very interested in the human mind
read Freud’d book “The Interpretation of Dreams”
began a correspondence
then became a close colleague of his
Jung and Freud demise
went on a work trip together
Jung realized how intolerant Freud was to disagreements with his ideas on nature of personality
so Jung left the Vienna group in 1914
Jung - 7 years spent virtually…
in isolation
exploring “depths of his own unconscious”
immersed himself in fantasies, dreams, visions
in effort to discover true nature of personality
people think this may have been a lengthy psychotic episode (as opposed to a period of voluntary introspection)
what did Jung report during his 7 year “introspection”?
visits by various figures and images
these came to be the archetypal characters that make up the collective unconscious
Erik Erikson life date
1902-1994
Erik Erikson - quote about his life/identity
“it is difficult to imagine a life filled with more identity issues than the one handed to Erik Erikson”
Erikson’s struggle with identity led him to behaviour he would later identify as somewhere between neurotic and psychotic
Erikson childhood
born in Frankfurt
father abandoned family before his birth
then his mom married a new man and he was told this man was his father
found out the truth as a teenager (his birth was result of an extramarital affair)
Erikson’s identity was further confused by…
his physical features
lived in a Jewish family, but retained most of the physical features of his Scandinavian father (tall, blond, blue eyes)
felt like an outsider
WW2 - torn feelings of loyalty between Germany and his growing identity as a Dane
Erikson’s need to find his own identity erupted…
upon graduation from public school
stepfather pushed him towards medicine, but he resisted
wandered around Europe as an artist
then met Anna Freud in Vienna
changed his name to Erik Homburger Erikson - reflection of his changing sense of identity
what did Erikson do with the rise of the Nazis?
fled to Boston
held positions at Harvard, Yale, Uni of California at Berkeley, Uni of Pennsylvania
Erikson’s first book
Childhood and Society
published when he was 50
Karen Horney life dates
1885-1952
Karen Horney childhood
born in Germany
daughter of sea captain and his young, second wife
faced injustices and rejection than came from being a rebellious woman in a man’s world
father: strict authoritarian who used Bible verse to promote views on male superiority
older brother was awarded opportunities, college, law degree
Karen responded to these inequities by vowing in elementary school to always be first in her class and that she’d go to med school
Horney and psychoanalysis
went to med school
trained in psychoanalysis - found it insufficient for healing with her lifelong bouts of depression
worked at Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute
and later at New York Psychoanalytic Institute
Horney and Freud’s institute
her disagreements with aspects of Freudian theory resulted in…
her disqualification as an instructor there
Horney after Freud’s institute
went on to establish her own highly successful American Institute for Psychoanalysis
made great progress in the battle against male-dominated and paternalistic psychoanalytic school of thought
Horney identified 3…
neurotic styles
result of interpersonal styles developed in childhood to overcome anxiety
- moving towards people
- moving away from people
- moving against people
