Lectures Aug 30 & Sept 6 Flashcards
personality dictionary definitions
- STATE of being a person
- CHARACTERISTICS and QUALITIES that form a person’s DISTINCTIVE character
- sum total of a person’s PHYSICAL, MENTAL, EMOTIONAL and SOCIAL characteristics
person and situation
both the situation and the person contribute to behaviour
individual’s personality determines:
a) how different they are from others
b) how they behave in different situations
“the personality”
consistent BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS and INTRAPERSONAL PROCESSES originating within the individual
- consistent patterns of behaviour
- to an extent, individual behaviour is consistent across time and situations - intrapersonal processes
- emotional, motivational, cognitive processes that influences individual’s feelings and actions
“the personality”: consistent patterns of behaviour
to an extent
individual behaviour is consistent across time and situations
“the personality”: intrapersonal processes
- emotional
- motivational
- cognitive processes
that influences individual’s feelings and actions
psychological definition of personality
UNIQUE and RELATIVELY ENDURING
INTERNAL and EXTERNAL aspects of a person’s character
influence behaviour in diff situations
description is complex: humans change according to different situations and people
APA definition of personality
“the enduring configuration of CHARACTERISTICS and BEHAVIOUR that comprises an individual’s unique ADJUSTMENT TO LIFE….
including major traits, interests, values, self-concept, abilities and emotional patterns”
personality is generally viewed as a complex _________ ___________ or _________, shaped by many __________…
DYNAMIC INTEGRATION or TOTALITY
shaped by MANY FORCES
including HEREDITARY and CONSTITUTIONAL tendencies
physical maturation
early training
identification with significant individuals and groups
culturally conditioned values/roles
critical experiences and relationships
breaking down the definition of personality
V-TIDAS
- values
- traits
- interests
- drive
- ability
- self-concept
breaking down the definition of personality: VALUES
a moral principal for what is considered GOOD or BAD
breaking down the definition of personality: TRAITS
personality characteristics that determine a person’s behaviour
or by which it can be explained
breaking down the definition of personality: DRIVE
ready state of action
motivates a person to attain a goal
breaking down the definition of personality: INTERESTS
something that’s significant to the individual
or that arouses individual’s attention
breaking down the definition of personality: ABILITY
what someone is capable of doing
breaking down the definition of personality: SELF-CONCEPT
one’s description of oneself
McRae and Costa’s Five Factor Model
big five personality dimensions - can be low or high on each one
OCEAN
- openness to experience
- conscientiousness
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- openness to experience
sales performance: five factor model
conscientiousness & openness = good for sales
agreeableness = bad for sales
extraversion & neuroticism = significant relationship
five factor model: extraversion
low:
- quiet, withdrawn, unassertive
high:
- outgoing, energetic, gregarious
five factor model: conscientiousness
low:
- impulsive, carefree
high:
- responsible, dependable, goal-oriented
five factor model: openness to experience
low:
- narrow field of interests, likes the tried-and-true
high:
- imaginative, curious, open to new ideas
five factor model: agreeableness
low:
- aloof, easily irritated
high:
- warm, considerate, good-natured
five factor model: emotional stability
low:
- moody, tense, lower self-confidence
high:
- stable, confident
social media
people generally present themselves as they are
social media presentations at least as accurate as face-to-face
German study shows that people show themselves as more EMOTIONALLY STABLE
introverted, neurotic, lonely, socially awkward people may find it EASIER TO EXPRESS TRUE SELVES
excessive time on social media associated with…
anxiety and depression
correlation, not cause and effect
perceived isolation, self-esteem, less healthy activity, disrupted concentration, sleep deprivation & depression
excessive time on social media is linked to depression for…
those high in NEUROTICISM
but not for those high in agreeableness
6 approaches to personality
- psychoanalytic
- trait
- biological
- humanistic
- behaviour/social learning
- cognitive
psychoanalytic approach
argues people’s unconscious minds are largely responsible for important differences in their behaviour styles
trait approach
identify where a person lies along continuum of various personality characteristics
biological approach
point to INHERITED PREDISPOSITIONS and PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES to explain individuals differences in personality
humanistic approach
identify PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY and feelings of SELF ACCEPTANCE as key causes of diffs in personality
behavioural/social learning approach
explain consistent behaviour patterns as result of CONDITIONING and EXPECTATIONS
cognitive approach
look at differences in the way people PROCESS INFORMATION to explain differences in behaviour
Eysenck: took what approach to personality and what did he argue?
biological approach
Eysenck’s Arousal Hypothesis
argued that INTROVERTS have HIGH CORTICAL AROUSAL
leads them to AVOID STIMULATION
argued that EXTROVERTS have LOW CORTICAL AROUSAL
causes them to seek out STIMULATING EXPERIENCES
Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs falls under what approach?
humanistic
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
from bottom to top:
- physiological needs
- air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing - safety needs
- personal security, employment, resources, health, property - love and belonging
- friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection - esteem
- respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom - self-actualization
- desire to become the most that one can be
sensation seeking
reward deficiency syndrome
sensation seekers (because of their low inherited D2 receptors) are CONSTANTLY MOTIVATED by search for more intense sources of REWARDS
who proposed sensation seeking?
pharmacologist Kenneth Blum
in the 1990s
high sensation seekers are more prone to…
having problems with:
- self control
- drug abuse
- risky sexual behaviour
- aggressive behaviour
links between Five Factor Model and Maslow’s Needs
- extraversion: esteem
- agreeableness: belonging
- conscientiousness: self-actualization (awareness of talents and potential)
- openness: self-actualization
- neuroticism: negatively correlated with all of Maslow’s needs (but strongest association for esteem)
Eysenck’s arousal hypothesis
extraverts have low arousability of cortex
arousal level is related to HEDONIC TONE - pleasant vs unpleasant
low arousal = unpleasant experience
in order to get rid of unpleasant experience, extroverts seek situations that may increase their arousal
by engaging in extroverted behaviours
affective neuroscience theory
aka Primary Emotional Systems
BIOLOGICAL and COGNITIVE approach
contends that personality is due to DIFFERENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS of BRAIN SYSTEMS between people
dimensions of personality are related to BRAIN AREAS and NT systems
we are different because we differ in our INHERITED ACTIVITY LEVELS IN DIFF BRAIN AREAS
who is responsible for affective neuroscience theory
Jaak Panksepp
affective neuroscience theory: affective prototypes
- generalized motivational arousal - SEEKING
- affective attack - RAGE
- FEAR
- sexuality - LUST
- nurturance/maternal - CARE
- separation distress/social bonding - PANIC
- social joy & affection - PLAY
all of these are dimensions of personality, and they’re related to brain areas and NT systems
graph: asking people which of Maslow’s Needs are most important
many people voted SELF-ACTUALIZATION as the least important
whereas BELONGING was rated very important
linking Five Factors with Panksepp’s Affective Neuroscience Theory and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: OPENNESS…
maslow: self-actualization
panksepp: SEEKING
linking Five Factors with Panksepp’s Affective Neuroscience Theory and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: CONSCIENTIOUSNESS…
maslow: self-actualization
panksepp: NO ROBUST ASSOCIATION WITH A PRIMARY EMOTIONAL SYSTEM
linking Five Factors with Panksepp’s Affective Neuroscience Theory and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: EXTRAVERSION…
maslow: love/belonging
panksepp: PLAY
linking Five Factors with Panksepp’s Affective Neuroscience Theory and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: AGREEABLENESS…
maslow: love/belonging
panksepp: HIGH CARE & LOW ANGER
linking Five Factors with Panksepp’s Affective Neuroscience Theory and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: NEUROTICISM…
maslow: safety
panksepp: HIGH SADNESS & HIGH FEAR & HIGH ANGER
affective neuroscience theory started by
Panksepp
affective neuroscience theory aka
primary emotional systems
what kind of approach is affective neuroscience theory?
biological and cognitive
affective neuroscience theory contends that…
personality is due to DIFFERENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
of BRAIN SYSTEMS between people
affective neuroscience theory: dimensions of personality are related to…
brain areas
neurotransmitter systems
affective neuroscience theory: why are we different?
because we differ in our INHERITED ACTIVITY LEVELS in diff brain areas
