Lectures Aug 30 & Sept 6

Question 1

personality dictionary definitions

Answer 1

1. STATE of being a person
2. CHARACTERISTICS and QUALITIES that form a person’s DISTINCTIVE character
3. sum total of a person’s PHYSICAL, MENTAL, EMOTIONAL and SOCIAL characteristics

Question 2

person and situation

Answer 2

both the situation and the person contribute to behaviour

individual’s personality determines:

a) how different they are from others

b) how they behave in different situations

Question 3

“the personality”

Answer 3

consistent BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS and INTRAPERSONAL PROCESSES originating within the individual

1. consistent patterns of behaviour
   - to an extent, individual behaviour is consistent across time and situations
2. intrapersonal processes
   - emotional, motivational, cognitive processes that influences individual’s feelings and actions

Question 4

“the personality”: consistent patterns of behaviour

Answer 4

to an extent

individual behaviour is consistent across time and situations

Question 5

“the personality”: intrapersonal processes

Answer 5

1. emotional
2. motivational
3. cognitive processes

that influences individual’s feelings and actions

Question 6

psychological definition of personality

Answer 6

UNIQUE and RELATIVELY ENDURING

INTERNAL and EXTERNAL aspects of a person’s character

influence behaviour in diff situations

description is complex: humans change according to different situations and people

Question 7

APA definition of personality

Answer 7

“the enduring configuration of CHARACTERISTICS and BEHAVIOUR that comprises an individual’s unique ADJUSTMENT TO LIFE….

including major traits, interests, values, self-concept, abilities and emotional patterns”

Question 8

personality is generally viewed as a complex _________ ___________ or _________, shaped by many __________…

Answer 8

DYNAMIC INTEGRATION or TOTALITY

shaped by MANY FORCES

including HEREDITARY and CONSTITUTIONAL tendencies

physical maturation

early training

identification with significant individuals and groups

culturally conditioned values/roles

critical experiences and relationships

Question 9

breaking down the definition of personality

Answer 9

V-TIDAS

1. values
2. traits
3. interests
4. drive
5. ability
6. self-concept

Question 10

breaking down the definition of personality: VALUES

Answer 10

a moral principal for what is considered GOOD or BAD

Question 11

breaking down the definition of personality: TRAITS

Answer 11

personality characteristics that determine a person’s behaviour

or by which it can be explained

Question 12

breaking down the definition of personality: DRIVE

Answer 12

ready state of action

motivates a person to attain a goal

Question 13

breaking down the definition of personality: INTERESTS

Answer 13

something that’s significant to the individual

or that arouses individual’s attention

Question 14

breaking down the definition of personality: ABILITY

Answer 14

what someone is capable of doing

Question 15

breaking down the definition of personality: SELF-CONCEPT

Answer 15

one’s description of oneself

Question 16

McRae and Costa’s Five Factor Model

Answer 16

big five personality dimensions - can be low or high on each one

OCEAN

1. openness to experience
2. conscientiousness
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. openness to experience

Question 17

sales performance: five factor model

Answer 17

conscientiousness & openness = good for sales

agreeableness = bad for sales

extraversion & neuroticism = significant relationship

Question 18

five factor model: extraversion

Answer 18

low:
- quiet, withdrawn, unassertive

high:
- outgoing, energetic, gregarious

Question 19

five factor model: conscientiousness

Answer 19

low:
- impulsive, carefree

high:
- responsible, dependable, goal-oriented

Question 20

five factor model: openness to experience

Answer 20

low:
- narrow field of interests, likes the tried-and-true

high:
- imaginative, curious, open to new ideas

Question 21

five factor model: agreeableness

Answer 21

low:
- aloof, easily irritated

high:
- warm, considerate, good-natured

Question 22

five factor model: emotional stability

Answer 22

low:
- moody, tense, lower self-confidence

high:
- stable, confident

Question 23

social media

Answer 23

people generally present themselves as they are

social media presentations at least as accurate as face-to-face

German study shows that people show themselves as more EMOTIONALLY STABLE

introverted, neurotic, lonely, socially awkward people may find it EASIER TO EXPRESS TRUE SELVES

Question 24

excessive time on social media associated with…

Answer 24

anxiety and depression

correlation, not cause and effect

perceived isolation, self-esteem, less healthy activity, disrupted concentration, sleep deprivation & depression

Question 25

excessive time on social media is linked to depression for...

Answer 25

those high in NEUROTICISM but not for those high in agreeableness

Question 26

6 approaches to personality

Answer 26

1. psychoanalytic 2. trait 3. biological 4. humanistic 5. behaviour/social learning 6. cognitive

Question 27

psychoanalytic approach

Answer 27

argues people's unconscious minds are largely responsible for important differences in their behaviour styles

Question 28

trait approach

Answer 28

identify where a person lies along continuum of various personality characteristics

Question 29

biological approach

Answer 29

point to INHERITED PREDISPOSITIONS and PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES to explain individuals differences in personality

Question 30

humanistic approach

Answer 30

identify PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY and feelings of SELF ACCEPTANCE as key causes of diffs in personality

Question 31

behavioural/social learning approach

Answer 31

explain consistent behaviour patterns as result of CONDITIONING and EXPECTATIONS

Question 32

cognitive approach

Answer 32

look at differences in the way people PROCESS INFORMATION to explain differences in behaviour

Question 33

Eysenck: took what approach to personality and what did he argue?

Answer 33

biological approach Eysenck's Arousal Hypothesis argued that INTROVERTS have HIGH CORTICAL AROUSAL leads them to AVOID STIMULATION argued that EXTROVERTS have LOW CORTICAL AROUSAL causes them to seek out STIMULATING EXPERIENCES

Question 34

Maslow's hierarchy of human needs falls under what approach?

Answer 34

humanistic

Question 35

maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 35

from bottom to top: 1. physiological needs - air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing 2. safety needs - personal security, employment, resources, health, property 3. love and belonging - friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection 4. esteem - respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom 5. self-actualization - desire to become the most that one can be

Question 36

sensation seeking

Answer 36

reward deficiency syndrome sensation seekers (because of their low inherited D2 receptors) are CONSTANTLY MOTIVATED by search for more intense sources of REWARDS

Question 37

who proposed sensation seeking?

Answer 37

pharmacologist Kenneth Blum in the 1990s

Question 38

high sensation seekers are more prone to...

Answer 38

having problems with: 1. self control 2. drug abuse 3. risky sexual behaviour 4. aggressive behaviour

Question 39

links between Five Factor Model and Maslow's Needs

Answer 39

1. extraversion: esteem 2. agreeableness: belonging 3. conscientiousness: self-actualization (awareness of talents and potential) 4. openness: self-actualization 5. neuroticism: negatively correlated with all of Maslow's needs (but strongest association for esteem)

Question 40

Eysenck's arousal hypothesis

Answer 40

extraverts have low arousability of cortex arousal level is related to HEDONIC TONE - pleasant vs unpleasant low arousal = unpleasant experience in order to get rid of unpleasant experience, extroverts seek situations that may increase their arousal by engaging in extroverted behaviours

Question 41

affective neuroscience theory

Answer 41

aka Primary Emotional Systems BIOLOGICAL and COGNITIVE approach contends that personality is due to DIFFERENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS of BRAIN SYSTEMS between people dimensions of personality are related to BRAIN AREAS and NT systems we are different because we differ in our INHERITED ACTIVITY LEVELS IN DIFF BRAIN AREAS

Question 42

who is responsible for affective neuroscience theory

Answer 42

Jaak Panksepp

Question 43

affective neuroscience theory: affective prototypes

Answer 43

1. generalized motivational arousal - SEEKING 2. affective attack - RAGE 3. FEAR 4. sexuality - LUST 5. nurturance/maternal - CARE 6. separation distress/social bonding - PANIC 7. social joy & affection - PLAY all of these are dimensions of personality, and they're related to brain areas and NT systems

Question 44

graph: asking people which of Maslow's Needs are most important

Answer 44

many people voted SELF-ACTUALIZATION as the least important whereas BELONGING was rated very important

Question 45

linking Five Factors with Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Theory and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: OPENNESS...

Answer 45

maslow: self-actualization panksepp: SEEKING

Question 46

linking Five Factors with Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Theory and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: CONSCIENTIOUSNESS...

Answer 46

maslow: self-actualization panksepp: NO ROBUST ASSOCIATION WITH A PRIMARY EMOTIONAL SYSTEM

Question 47

linking Five Factors with Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Theory and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: EXTRAVERSION...

Answer 47

maslow: love/belonging panksepp: PLAY

Question 48

linking Five Factors with Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Theory and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: AGREEABLENESS...

Answer 48

maslow: love/belonging panksepp: HIGH CARE & LOW ANGER

Question 49

linking Five Factors with Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Theory and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: NEUROTICISM...

Answer 49

maslow: safety panksepp: HIGH SADNESS & HIGH FEAR & HIGH ANGER

Question 50

affective neuroscience theory started by

Answer 50

Panksepp

Question 51

affective neuroscience theory aka

Answer 51

primary emotional systems

Question 52

what kind of approach is affective neuroscience theory?

Answer 52

biological and cognitive

Question 53

affective neuroscience theory contends that...

Answer 53

personality is due to DIFFERENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS of BRAIN SYSTEMS between people

Question 54

affective neuroscience theory: dimensions of personality are related to...

Answer 54

brain areas neurotransmitter systems

Question 55

affective neuroscience theory: why are we different?

Answer 55

because we differ in our INHERITED ACTIVITY LEVELS in diff brain areas