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Biology 3 > Text Chapters 6 and 25: Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

Text Chapters 6 and 25: Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Interphase

A

chromatin is diffuse, individual chromosomes cannot be distinguished

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear division retaining the original chromosome number

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

nuclear division reducing the chromosome number, leading to sperm or eggs

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4
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division

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5
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes condense, spindle forms, nucleolus disappears, nuclear envelope breaks down, each chromosome appears as a pair of chromatids attached at their centromeres

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6
Q

Metaphase

A

chromatid pairs align at the cell equator

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7
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and are drawn to opposite poles by spindle fibers

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8
Q

Telophase

A

chromosomes have reached poles of a cell, spindle disperses, nuclear envelope surrounds chromosomes, chromosomes becomes diffuse, nucleolus forms

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9
Q

Chromosome

A

a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism

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10
Q

Chromatid

A

one copy of a duplicated chromosome, which is generally joined to the other copy by a single centromere

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11
Q

Centromere

A

the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids

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12
Q

Crossing Over

A

homologous pairs exchange genetic information (chromosomes with combinations of maternal and paternal traits)

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13
Q

Spindle

A

a group of parallel threads stretching across the cell between its two ends (poles), where they connect to each pole at the centriole

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14
Q

Homologous Pair

A

diploids have pairs of chromosomes, each homologous pair is genetically matched so that the genes are arranged in the same order

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15
Q

Meiosis I

A

reduction division, separation of homologous chromosomes into two different nuclei, chromosome number reduced to haploid, crossing over occurs

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16
Q

Meiosis II

A

equational division, duplicated chromosomes separate, no change in chromosome number

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17
Q

Three Sources of Genetic Variation Related to Sexual Reproduction

A

alleles come from two parents, crossing over, reassortment of homologues

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18
Q

Cell Type at Start (Mitosis)

A

diploid

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19
Q

Cell Type at End (Mitosis)

A

diploid

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20
Q

Are Products Identical? (Mitosis)

A

yes

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21
Q

Number of Chromosome Duplications Prior to (Mitosis)

A

one

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22
Q

Pairing of Homologues (Mitosis)

A

no

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23
Q

Crossing Over (Mitosis)

A

no

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24
Q

Number of Chromosome Divisions (Mitosis)

A

one

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25
Q

Cell Type at Start (Meiosis)

A

diploid

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26
Q

Cell Type at end (Meiosis)

A

haploid

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27
Q

Are Products Identical? (Meiosis)

A

no

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28
Q

Number of Chromosome Duplications Prior to (Meiosis)

A

four

29
Q

Pairing of Homologues (Meiosis)

A

yes

30
Q

Crossing Over (Meiosis)

A

yes

31
Q

Number of Chromosome Divisions (Meiosis)

A

two

32
Q

Haploid

A

one set of chromosomes (n)

33
Q

Diploid

A

two sets of chromosomes (2n)

34
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

two identical chromatids attached at a centromere

35
Q

Non-Sister Chromatids

A

either of the two chromatids of any of the paired homologous chromosomes (a paternal chromosome and a maternal chromosome)- exchange genetic material during meiosis

36
Q

Synapsis

A

pairing of homologous chromosomes that occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis

37
Q

Chiasma(ta)

A

the point where two homologous chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis- sister chromatids form chiasmata, non-sister chromatids for chiasma

38
Q

Sperm Production

A

equal divisions of cytoplasm, four function products per meiosis

39
Q

Egg Production

A

unequal divisions of cytoplasm, small polar bodies formed, one functional product per meiosis

40
Q

Bulbourethral Gland

A

mucus secretion, movement of sperm

41
Q

Epididymis

A

7-meter-long coiled tube, stores sperm for up to three months

42
Q

Penis

A

has three columns of tissue that can become engorged with blood and lead to an erection

43
Q

Prostate Gland

A

contributes alkaline fluide to neutralize acidic female reproductive tract

44
Q

Scrotum

A

sac containing the two testes

45
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A

makes fructose (sperm energy), prostaglandins (local hormone, stimulates muscle contraction in women)

46
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

produces gametes

47
Q

Testes

A

site of sperm production

48
Q

Urethra

A

runs from the bladder, through the prostate, and out the shaft of the penis

49
Q

Vas Deferens

A

place where the sperm move through during intercourse

50
Q

Acrosome

A

contains enzymes that break down protective layers surrounding an egg

51
Q

Head

A

contains the nucleus with the DNA

52
Q

Middle Piece (body)

A

contains many energy-generating mitochondria

53
Q

Tail

A

flagellum which propels the sperm

54
Q

Ovary

A

where eggs are produced- diploid cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid eggs

55
Q

Fallopian Tube

A

connects to the top of the uterus on both sids, ovulated oocyte moves through it

56
Q

Uterus

A

also called the womb, where an embryo develops throughout pregnancy

57
Q

Vagina

A

tube-like chamber into which sperm are released during intercourse

58
Q

Clitoris

A

provides pleasure

59
Q

Follicle

A

the small structure in which and egg will form

60
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

a yellowish mass composed of the follicular cells remaining in the ovary which secrete progesterone and estrogen

61
Q

GnRH

A

from hypothalamus, stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH

62
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone, influences follicle maturation, egg is developed within follicle

63
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone, stimulates ovulation

64
Q

Testosterone

A

stimulates sperm production

65
Q

Estrogen

A

causes the regeneration of the endometrium, when estrogen levels drop, the pituitary releases FSH

66
Q

Progesterone

A

thickens the endometrium (lining of the uterus) in preparation for a embryo

67
Q

Ovulation

A

Triggered by a sudden ovulatory surge of LH (which ruptures the
dominant follicle), the cell (oocyte) that will become the egg is released from the ovary
into the abdominal cavity

68
Q

Fertilization

A

the process that fuses an ovum with a sperm, eventually leading to the development of an embryo

69
Q

Implantation

A

the very early stage of pregnancy at which the conceptus (blastocyst) adheres to the wall of the uterus

Biology 3 (27 decks)

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