Text Chapter 5: Biotechnology Flashcards
Restriction Enzyme
chop up DNA from donor species that exhibits a trait of interest
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
amplifies small samples of DNA into more useful quantities
Ligation to Produce Recombinant DNA
insert pieces of DNA into bacterial cells or viruses
Ligation to Produce Recombinant DNA
insert pieces of DNA into bacterial sells or viruses
Transformation to Produce DNA Library
grow separate colonies of bacteria or viruses, each containing some donor DNA
Screening a DNA Library
identify colonies of bacteria or viruses that have DNA for a trait of interest
Biotechnology
use of living things to provide needed products or processes
DNA Library
the group of plasmids that contain all the genes from a single organism
DNA Ligase
an enzyme that ‘glues’ DNA, (produces recombinant DNA)
“Knockout” Organism
take out a gene from an organism whose function you want to study
Ligation
‘gluing’ genes together
Primer
starting point for DNA polymerase to make new DNA
Plasmid
extrachromosomal, independently replicating, small circular DNA molecule
PCR
uses repeated cycles of heating to denature DNA and cooling to synthesize new DNA, uses Taq polymerase (withstands heat) and primers to begin synthesis
Probe
sequence of DNA that is complementary to the gene of interest, used to locate a copy of the gene by hybridization
Recombinant DNA
DNA produced by joining segments of DNA from different sources
Recombinant DNA
DNA produced by joining segments of DNA from different sources
Restriction Enzyme
enzymes that cleave the DNA double helix at specific nucleotide sequences
RFLP Analysis
use of a probe to identify specific DNA fragments derived from specific enzyme digestion, shows variation in sizes of fragments between different individuals
Short Tandem Repeat
repeated regions of DNA found in highly variable portions of human chromosomes
Sticky End
single stranded end to pair single stranded end with opposite type
Taq Polymerase
DNA polymerase that withstands high heat
Transformation
introducing recombinant DNA into bacterial cells
Transgenic Organism
an organism with a gene from another species in all of its cells
Vector
carrier of DNA, can be virus or plasmids
Advantages of PCR
amplifies small amounts of DNA, STR’s allow you to distinguish between people
Advantages of RFLP Analysis
shows variations in sizes of fragments between different individuals, (disadvantage: need more DNA)
Agricultural Applications of Biotechnology in Animals
animals provide models for human diseases, can produce pharmaceuticals and release them in mild
Agricultural Applications of Biotechnology in Plants
transgenic plants can resist herbicides and pests and have improved storage qualities and enhanced nutrition
Describe how DNA results are used to determine whether a man is the father of a specific child
STR’s match half the loci of the child
Distinguish between potential crime suspects using DNA fingerprinting by RLFP analysis
The number of repeats within an STR region (indicating an individual’s genotype) is determined by comparing the length of the fragments containing that STR’s region to DNA fragments of known lengths
Medical Applications of Biotechnology- Theraputics
factor VII, HGH, insulin, interferon, vaccine, treats many previously untreatable illnesses
Medical Applications of Biotechnology- Gene Testing
can identify if an individual has or carries a genetic condition, useful information before having children
Medical Applications of Biotechnology- Gene Therapy
when an individual receives a gene they are missing, can be life-saving
