Text Chapter 2: Macromolecules

Question 1

Molecule

Answer 1

two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

Question 2

Organic Molecule

Answer 2

molecules that are built around chains of carbon atoms

Question 3

Macromolecule

Answer 3

large polymer made of repeating monomer units

Question 4

Macromolecules that Provide Energy

Answer 4

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 5

Carbohydrates

Answer 5

energy source, structural component, cell-cell communication

Question 6

Lipids

Answer 6

concentrated energy source, structural components of cell membranes (phospholipids, cholesterol), communication (steroid hormones), protection from water (waxes)

Question 7

Proteins

Answer 7

structural component of cells, control of metabolic reactions- enzymes, growth and repair, communication (protein hormones, cell receptors), energy source

Question 8

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 8

removal of water to add monomer units

Question 9

Hydrolysis

Answer 9

addition of OH and H groups of water to break a bond between monomers

Question 10

Saturated Fatty Acids

Answer 10

two hydrogen per internal carbon

Question 11

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 11

one double bond

Question 12

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 12

more than one double bond

Question 13

Primary Structure of a Protein

Answer 13

sequence of amino acids in a chain

Question 14

Secondary Structure of a Protein

Answer 14

folded structure due to hydrogen bonds between the amino and acid groups of amino acids

Question 15

Tertiary Structure of a Protein

Answer 15

three dimensional folded structure due to attractions and repulsions between R groups

Question 16

Quaternary Structure of a Protein

Answer 16

association of two or more protein chains

Question 17

Structure of Carbohydrates

Answer 17

Simple: Monosaccharides- one sugar unit (glucose),
Disaccharides- two sugar units (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
Complex: Polysaccharides- many sugar units (starch-storage in plants, glycogen- storage in animals, cellulose- plant cell walls, indigestible, chitin, exoskeleton of insects, fungal cell walls)

Question 18

Structure of Lipids

Answer 18

fatty acids
Triglyceride- predominant form in diet (one molecule of glycerol, three fatty acids)
Phospholipid- component of cell membrane
Steroids- linked carbon rings, natural body components (hormones, cholesterol)

Question 19

Structure of Proteins

Answer 19

Primary Structure- chain of amino acids (amino acids have common features)
- amino group, “alpha” carbon, carboxylic acid group, “R” group differs for each amino acid
Phenylalanine Structure- phenylalanine “R” group
Leucine Structure- leucine “R” group
Structure Forming the Protein Chain- dehydration synthesis between COOH and NH2
- phenylalanine-leucine dipeptide (peptide bond)

Question 20

Monosaccharide

Answer 20

glucose

Question 21

Disaccharide

Answer 21

lactose, maltose

Question 22

Polysaccharide

Answer 22

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin