Text Chapter 2: Macromolecules Flashcards
Molecule
two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds
Organic Molecule
molecules that are built around chains of carbon atoms
Macromolecule
large polymer made of repeating monomer units
Macromolecules that Provide Energy
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
energy source, structural component, cell-cell communication
Lipids
concentrated energy source, structural components of cell membranes (phospholipids, cholesterol), communication (steroid hormones), protection from water (waxes)
Proteins
structural component of cells, control of metabolic reactions- enzymes, growth and repair, communication (protein hormones, cell receptors), energy source
Dehydration Synthesis
removal of water to add monomer units
Hydrolysis
addition of OH and H groups of water to break a bond between monomers
Saturated Fatty Acids
two hydrogen per internal carbon
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
one double bond
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
more than one double bond
Primary Structure of a Protein
sequence of amino acids in a chain
Secondary Structure of a Protein
folded structure due to hydrogen bonds between the amino and acid groups of amino acids
Tertiary Structure of a Protein
three dimensional folded structure due to attractions and repulsions between R groups
Quaternary Structure of a Protein
association of two or more protein chains
Structure of Carbohydrates
Simple: Monosaccharides- one sugar unit (glucose),
Disaccharides- two sugar units (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
Complex: Polysaccharides- many sugar units (starch-storage in plants, glycogen- storage in animals, cellulose- plant cell walls, indigestible, chitin, exoskeleton of insects, fungal cell walls)
Structure of Lipids
fatty acids
Triglyceride- predominant form in diet (one molecule of glycerol, three fatty acids)
Phospholipid- component of cell membrane
Steroids- linked carbon rings, natural body components (hormones, cholesterol)
Structure of Proteins
Primary Structure- chain of amino acids (amino acids have common features)
- amino group, “alpha” carbon, carboxylic acid group, “R” group differs for each amino acid
Phenylalanine Structure- phenylalanine “R” group
Leucine Structure- leucine “R” group
Structure Forming the Protein Chain- dehydration synthesis between COOH and NH2
- phenylalanine-leucine dipeptide (peptide bond)
Monosaccharide
glucose
Disaccharide
lactose, maltose
Polysaccharide
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
