Text Chapter 26: Immune System Flashcards
Physical Barreirs
skin, mucous membranes
Non-Specific Internal Defenses
works against many types of invaders- phagocytosis, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever
Specific Immune Response
pecific response to each invader- cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity
Properties of the Immune System
specificity, memory, discrimination
Specificity
unique response against each invader -plasma cells, T cells
Memory
increased response at next invasion- B cells and T cells
Discrimination
ability to distinguish “self” from “non-self” - T cells
Three Types of Cells Involved in the Immune Response
macrophages, B cells, T cells
Macrophages
engulf invaders
B Cells
humoral immunity
T Cells
cell-mediated immunity
Humoral Immunity
mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids
Cell-Mediated Immunity
an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes
Plasma Cell
white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies
B Cell
a type of lymphocyte in humoral immunity
Memory B Cell
respond in future invasions
Helper T Cell
stimulates division of selected B cells, stimulates activity of cytotoxic T cells, responds in future infections
Cytotoxic T Cell
destroys infected body cells by forming pores in the cell membrane
Antigen
molecules on the invader that are recognized by the immune system
Antibody
protein that recognizes antigens
Variable Region
region on the antibody that binds to antigen
Constant Region
region on the antibody that binds to cells or other antibodies
Structure of an Antibody
Y-shape, 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains, constant region and variable region
How the Structure of an Antibody relates to its Function
the tip of the Y-shape (variable region) is specific for a particular antigen
Mechanism for Generating Variation among Antibodies
enzymes in the nucleus rearrange DNA to make unique variable regions for each antibody
Four Functions of Antibodies
phagocyte signaling, antigen clumping, prevention of cell entry, complement protein signaling
Phagocyte Signaling
bound antibodies promote phagocytosis of invader
Antigen Clumping
bound antibodies cause groupings of free antigens and cells for phagocytosis
Prevention of Cell Entry
pathogens coated with antibodies cannot gain access to cells
Complement Protein Signaling
bound antibodies recruit a set of proteins that creates holes in the invaders membranes
Diseases of the Immune System
Hay fever, transfusion reactions, Rh disease, immunization, viral and bacterial infections, reaction to poison ivy, Tuberculin test, reaction to bee stings, graft (organ) rejection, cancer prevention
Basis for Allergic Reactions
allergies result from overly sensitized mast cells releasing histamine and cytokines in response to allergens
Functions of the Skeletal System
supports the body, provides a lever for muscle action, protects vital structures, protects blood cells, stores minerals and fat
Cells Involved in Specificity
plasma cells, T cells
Cells Involved in Memory
B cells, T cells
Cells Involved in Discrimination
T cells
