Text Chapter 26: Immune System

Question 1

Physical Barreirs

Answer 1

skin, mucous membranes

Question 2

Non-Specific Internal Defenses

Answer 2

works against many types of invaders- phagocytosis, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever

Question 3

Specific Immune Response

Answer 3

pecific response to each invader- cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity

Question 4

Properties of the Immune System

Answer 4

specificity, memory, discrimination

Question 5

Specificity

Answer 5

unique response against each invader -plasma cells, T cells

Question 6

Memory

Answer 6

increased response at next invasion- B cells and T cells

Question 7

Discrimination

Answer 7

ability to distinguish “self” from “non-self” - T cells

Question 8

Three Types of Cells Involved in the Immune Response

Answer 8

macrophages, B cells, T cells

Question 9

Macrophages

Answer 9

engulf invaders

Question 10

B Cells

Answer 10

humoral immunity

Question 11

T Cells

Answer 11

cell-mediated immunity

Question 12

Humoral Immunity

Answer 12

mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids

Question 13

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Answer 13

an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes

Question 14

Plasma Cell

Answer 14

white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies

Question 15

B Cell

Answer 15

a type of lymphocyte in humoral immunity

Question 16

Memory B Cell

Answer 16

respond in future invasions

Question 17

Helper T Cell

Answer 17

stimulates division of selected B cells, stimulates activity of cytotoxic T cells, responds in future infections

Question 18

Cytotoxic T Cell

Answer 18

destroys infected body cells by forming pores in the cell membrane

Question 19

Antigen

Answer 19

molecules on the invader that are recognized by the immune system

Question 20

Antibody

Answer 20

protein that recognizes antigens

Question 21

Variable Region

Answer 21

region on the antibody that binds to antigen

Question 22

Constant Region

Answer 22

region on the antibody that binds to cells or other antibodies

Question 23

Structure of an Antibody

Answer 23

Y-shape, 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains, constant region and variable region

Question 24

How the Structure of an Antibody relates to its Function

Answer 24

the tip of the Y-shape (variable region) is specific for a particular antigen

Question 25

Mechanism for Generating Variation among Antibodies

Answer 25

enzymes in the nucleus rearrange DNA to make unique variable regions for each antibody

Question 26

Four Functions of Antibodies

Answer 26

phagocyte signaling, antigen clumping, prevention of cell entry, complement protein signaling

Question 27

Phagocyte Signaling

Answer 27

bound antibodies promote phagocytosis of invader

Question 28

Antigen Clumping

Answer 28

bound antibodies cause groupings of free antigens and cells for phagocytosis

Question 29

Prevention of Cell Entry

Answer 29

pathogens coated with antibodies cannot gain access to cells

Question 30

Complement Protein Signaling

Answer 30

bound antibodies recruit a set of proteins that creates holes in the invaders membranes

Question 31

Diseases of the Immune System

Answer 31

Hay fever, transfusion reactions, Rh disease, immunization, viral and bacterial infections, reaction to poison ivy, Tuberculin test, reaction to bee stings, graft (organ) rejection, cancer prevention

Question 32

Basis for Allergic Reactions

Answer 32

allergies result from overly sensitized mast cells releasing histamine and cytokines in response to allergens

Question 33

Functions of the Skeletal System

Answer 33

supports the body, provides a lever for muscle action, protects vital structures, protects blood cells, stores minerals and fat

Question 34

Cells Involved in Specificity

Answer 34

plasma cells, T cells

Question 35

Cells Involved in Memory

Answer 35

B cells, T cells

Question 36

Cells Involved in Discrimination

Answer 36

T cells