Text Chapter 3: Cells Flashcards
Essential Features of a Cell
plasma membrane, genetic material, cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane
boundary surrounding the cell
Genetic Material
DNA, located in membrane-bound nucleus for eukaryotic cells, nucleoid for prokaryotic cells
Cytoplasm
semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes (biological catalyst), ribosomes, and organelles in eukaryotes
Bacterial Flagellum
movement
Capsule
protects from drying, protects against white blood cells
Cell Wall (prokaryotic)
supports the cell, maintains shape
Infolded Plasma Membrane (prokaryotic)
metabolism, cell division
Nucleoid
cytoplasmic region containing the genetic material, DNA
Pilus
surface projection used for transfer of genetic material
Plasma Membrane
regulates flow of substances in and out of cell
Plasmid
small circular DNA, replicates independently, genes for antibiotic resistance
Ribosomes (prokaryotic)
produce proteins
Cell Wall (eukaryotic)
controls cell shape, protects, supports, made of carbohydrates
Centriole
gives rise to basal bodies that produce cilia or flagella
Chloroplast
photosynthesis (uses light energy to produce organic molecules in plants and protists)
Cilia
cell movement in protists and animal sperm, move substances across cell surfaces in lungs and fallopian tubes
Cytoskeleton
maintains cell shape, allows for cell movement, anchors organelles and proteins, directs transport of materials
Flagella
Golgi Complex
collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins from RER
Lysosome
contains digestive enzymes to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles
Microtubules
movement of materials within cells, cell movement
Mitochondrion
produces energy by breaking down organic molecules, found in all eukaryotic cells
Nucleolus
site of ribosome assembly (inside nucleus)
Nucleus
carrier of genetic material (DNA+ protein=chromatin), governs cell activities, directs cell reproduction
- surrounded by membrane called nuclear envelope - contains nucleolus- produces ribosomes
Peroxisome
removes harmful oxidants from cells
Plasma Membrane (eukaryotes)
regulates passage of materials, cell-cell recognition
Ribosomes (eukaryotes)
site of protein synthesis, can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to membranes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
produces proteins, prepares proteins for export
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
lipid synthesis, drug detoxification, transport of proteins from RER
Vacuole
central vacuole (plants) stores waste and maintains turgidity, contractile vacuole (protists) maintains water balance, food vacuole (protists) fuses with lysosome for digestion
Prokaryotic Cells (v. eukaryotic cells)
single circular chromosome
chromosome found in cytoplasmic region called nucleoid
no internal membranes, some infolded plasma membranes
Eukaryotic Cells (v. prokaryotic cells)
multiple linear chromosomes
chromosomes found in a membrane-bound nucleus
extensive network of internal membranes, specialized areas called organelles
Endosymbiosis
ancestral eukaryotes and prokaryotes come to live in close association, to the benefit of both. Through evolution, the prokaryote became the organelle, such as mitochondrion or chloroplasts, of the larger eukaryotic cell.
Invagination
the plasma membrane may have folded in on itself to form specialized membranes within the cell, such as the nucleus.
Differences between Plant and Animal Cells
cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts, cilia and flagella
