FINAL- Cumulative Flashcards
Hypothesis
proposed explanation for observed phenomenon or question that can be tested
Theory
supported by such a wide body of evidence that it is scientifically accepted as a factual
framework.
Atom
smallest unit that has characteristic properties of the element
Molecule
Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds
Hydrogen Ion
positively charged, acidic
Hydroxyl Ion
negatively charged, basi
Covalent Bond
atoms share electrons
Hydrogen Bond
covalently bound hydrogen is attracted to another atom *weakest
Fatty Acids
predominately nonpolar molecules consisting of a long chain of carbons with an oxygen and a hydroxyl group at one end, form the tail region of triglyceride fat molecules
Amino Acids
biologically important organic compounds composed of amino and carboxylic acid functional groups, an “alpha” carbon, and a side-chain (R-group) specific to each amino acid
Sugars
monomer unit of carbohydrates
Nucleotides
composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group, serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA
Dehydration Synthesis
removal of water to add monomer units
Hydrolysis
addition of OH and H groups of water to break a bond between monomers
Mitochindrion
produces energy by breaking down organic molecules, found in all eukaryotic cells
Chloroplast
photosynthesis (uses light energy to produce organic molecules in plants and protists)
Nucleus
carrier of genetic material (DNA+ protein=chromatin), governs cell activities, directs cell reproduction
- surrounded by membrane called nuclear envelope - contains nucleolus- produces ribosomes
Cytoplasm
semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes (biological catalyst), ribosomes, and organelles in eukaryotes
Plasma Membrane
boundary surrounding the cell
Cell Wall
controls cell shape, protects, supports, made of carbohydrates
Enzyme
a biological catalyst specific for the reactants (substrates) in the reactions they catalyze
-speed up biological catalysts by lowering the activation energy for the reaction
Substrate
the molecule acted upon by an enzyme
Product
a substance that is formed as a result of a chemical reaction
Cellular Respiration
-the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products
Cellular Respiration
starts with glucose and ends with CO2 and water, occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Photosynthesis
uses light energy to produce organic molecules in plants and protists
Phototsynthesis
starts with CO2, ends with glucose, occurs in chloroplast
ADP
adenosine diphosphate, energy carrier
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, energy carrier
Mitosis
nuclear division retaining the original chromosome number
Meiosis
nuclear division reducing the chromosome number, leading to sperm or eggs
Haploid
one set of chromosomes (n)
Diploid
two sets of chromosomes (2n)
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, double-stranded
RNA
ribonucleic acid, single-stranded
Proteins
structural component of cells, control of metabolic reactions- enzymes, growth and repair, communication (protein hormones, cell receptors), energy source
DNA Replication
DNA chains separate, each chain is used as a pattern to produce a new chain, each new DNA helix contains one “old” and one “new” chain
RNA Transcription
DNA chains separate, one DNA chain is used as a pattern to produce an RNA chain, RNA chain is released and the DNA chains reform the double-helix
Protein Translation
at the ribosome, codons in mRNA are recognized by tRNA anticodons to place amino acids in the specific sequence specified by the DNA
Codon
a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis
Anticodon
region of a transfer RNA is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon in the messenger RNA
Restriction Enzyme
chop up DNA from donor species that exhibits a trait of interest
Probe
sequence of DNA that is complementary to the gene of interest, used to locate a copy of the gene by hybridization
RFLP Ananlysis
use of a probe to identify specific DNA fragments derived from specific enzyme digestion, shows variation in sizes of fragments between different individuals
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
amplifies small samples of DNA into more useful quantities
Allele
alternate form of a gene
Gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein, gives rise to a physical trait
Autosomal Inheritance
an inherited trait that affects both males and females equally
Sex-Linked Traits
Gender is determined by the sperm- females donate one X chromosome and males donate either an X or a Y chromosome which determines the sex of the child
- Males carry only one copy of genes on the X chromosome but females carry two copies, therefore their sex-linked traits have a greater influence on male children
- Fathers’ traits only affect female children
Pleiotropic Effects (Pleiotrophy)
one gene effects many traits
Polygenic Inheritance
many genes affect one trait
Directional Selection
increases one extreme
Stabilizing Selection
eliminates both extremes
Disruptive Selection
increases both extremes
Coevolution
species adjust together to maintain relationship
Convergent Evolution
similar phenotypes arise in unrelated species as a result of environmental similarities
Divergent Evolution
different phenotypes arise as related species encounter environmental similarities
Microevolution
change within a population or species
Macroevolution
change to a new population or species
Allopatric Speciation
occurs a result of geographical isolation, one group separates from the population, separate evolutionary pressures cause different genetic changes in both groups, most common mechanism
Sympatric Speciation
occurs in the same location, due to ecological isolation or polyploidy
Batesian Mimicry
a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator
Mullerian Mimicry
two or more poisonous species, that may or may not be closely related and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other’s warning signals
Heterotrophic
an organism that consumes other organisms (autotrophs) because it cannot synthesize food on it’s own
Autotrophic
an organism that synthesizes its own food, does not consume other organisms
Chemoorganothrophs
use organic compounds for chemical energy and sources of carbon, heterotrophic, largest group of prokaryotes, including disease-causing bacteria
Chemolithotrophs
use inorganic compounds for chemical energy, autotrophic, iron-oxidizing bacteria
Photoautotrophs
use CO2 and H2O, release O2
Photoheterotrophs
use carbon from organic compounds, do not release O2
Mycelium
network of filaments
Hypha
individual filaments
Phylum Arthropoda
bilateral symmetry, coelomate, three tissue layers, distinct body regions- head, thorax, abdomen, “joint-footed,” exoskeleton- moved at joints by muscles, open circulatory system, complex nervous system- compound eye, efficient gas exchange system
Phylum Chordata
bilateral symmetry, coelomate, deuterostome, three tissue layers, four common features- notochord, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail
Sporophyte
produces spores my meiosis
Gametophyte
produces spores by mitosis
Stamen
produce pollen in anther
Pistil (Carpel)
produce ovule in ovary
Mosses
non-vascular (no fluid-conducting vascular system), enclosed reproductive structures, require moist environments
Angiosperms
vascular plants with flowers and fruit, broad waterproof leaves, greatly reduced gametophyte (pollen grain and embryo sac with egg), many have animal pollinators and seed distributors, some use wind, seed contains diploid embryo, largest number of species (250,000)
Pappus
propellor-like structure on a plant for seed dispersal
Seed Wing
wing-like structures which aid in dispersal of seeds
Left Ventricle
pumps blood to the rest of the body (not the lungs)
Right Ventricle
pumps blood only to the lungs
Red Blood Cells
carry oxygen
White Blood Cells
defend against invaders
Platelets
initiate blood clots
Macrophages
engulf invaders
B Cells
humoral immunity
T Cells
cell-mediated immunity
Antigen
molecules on the invader that are recognized by the immune system
Antibody
protein that recognizes antigens
Order of Vertebrae (from neck down)
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
