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Biology 3 > FINAL- Cumulative > Flashcards

FINAL- Cumulative Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hypothesis

A

proposed explanation for observed phenomenon or question that can be tested

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2
Q

Theory

A

supported by such a wide body of evidence that it is scientifically accepted as a factual
framework.

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3
Q

Atom

A

smallest unit that has characteristic properties of the element

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4
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

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5
Q

Hydrogen Ion

A

positively charged, acidic

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6
Q

Hydroxyl Ion

A

negatively charged, basi

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7
Q

Covalent Bond

A

atoms share electrons

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8
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

covalently bound hydrogen is attracted to another atom *weakest

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9
Q

Fatty Acids

A

predominately nonpolar molecules consisting of a long chain of carbons with an oxygen and a hydroxyl group at one end, form the tail region of triglyceride fat molecules

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10
Q

Amino Acids

A

biologically important organic compounds composed of amino and carboxylic acid functional groups, an “alpha” carbon, and a side-chain (R-group) specific to each amino acid

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11
Q

Sugars

A

monomer unit of carbohydrates

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12
Q

Nucleotides

A

composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group, serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA

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13
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

removal of water to add monomer units

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A

addition of OH and H groups of water to break a bond between monomers

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15
Q

Mitochindrion

A

produces energy by breaking down organic molecules, found in all eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

Chloroplast

A

photosynthesis (uses light energy to produce organic molecules in plants and protists)

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

carrier of genetic material (DNA+ protein=chromatin), governs cell activities, directs cell reproduction

- surrounded by membrane called nuclear envelope
- contains nucleolus- produces ribosomes
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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes (biological catalyst), ribosomes, and organelles in eukaryotes

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19
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

boundary surrounding the cell

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20
Q

Cell Wall

A

controls cell shape, protects, supports, made of carbohydrates

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21
Q

Enzyme

A

a biological catalyst specific for the reactants (substrates) in the reactions they catalyze
-speed up biological catalysts by lowering the activation energy for the reaction

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22
Q

Substrate

A

the molecule acted upon by an enzyme

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23
Q

Product

A

a substance that is formed as a result of a chemical reaction

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24
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

-the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products

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25
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

starts with glucose and ends with CO2 and water, occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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26
Q

Photosynthesis

A

uses light energy to produce organic molecules in plants and protists

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27
Q

Phototsynthesis

A

starts with CO2, ends with glucose, occurs in chloroplast

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28
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate, energy carrier

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29
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate, energy carrier

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30
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear division retaining the original chromosome number

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31
Q

Meiosis

A

nuclear division reducing the chromosome number, leading to sperm or eggs

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32
Q

Haploid

A

one set of chromosomes (n)

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33
Q

Diploid

A

two sets of chromosomes (2n)

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34
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, double-stranded

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35
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, single-stranded

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36
Q

Proteins

A

structural component of cells, control of metabolic reactions- enzymes, growth and repair, communication (protein hormones, cell receptors), energy source

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37
Q

DNA Replication

A

DNA chains separate, each chain is used as a pattern to produce a new chain, each new DNA helix contains one “old” and one “new” chain

38
Q

RNA Transcription

A

DNA chains separate, one DNA chain is used as a pattern to produce an RNA chain, RNA chain is released and the DNA chains reform the double-helix

39
Q

Protein Translation

A

at the ribosome, codons in mRNA are recognized by tRNA anticodons to place amino acids in the specific sequence specified by the DNA

40
Q

Codon

A

a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

41
Q

Anticodon

A

region of a transfer RNA is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon in the messenger RNA

42
Q

Restriction Enzyme

A

chop up DNA from donor species that exhibits a trait of interest

43
Q

Probe

A

sequence of DNA that is complementary to the gene of interest, used to locate a copy of the gene by hybridization

44
Q

RFLP Ananlysis

A

use of a probe to identify specific DNA fragments derived from specific enzyme digestion, shows variation in sizes of fragments between different individuals

45
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

amplifies small samples of DNA into more useful quantities

46
Q

Allele

A

alternate form of a gene

47
Q

Gene

A

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein, gives rise to a physical trait

48
Q

Autosomal Inheritance

A

an inherited trait that affects both males and females equally

49
Q

Sex-Linked Traits

A

Gender is determined by the sperm- females donate one X chromosome and males donate either an X or a Y chromosome which determines the sex of the child

  • Males carry only one copy of genes on the X chromosome but females carry two copies, therefore their sex-linked traits have a greater influence on male children
  • Fathers’ traits only affect female children
50
Q

Pleiotropic Effects (Pleiotrophy)

A

one gene effects many traits

51
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

many genes affect one trait

52
Q

Directional Selection

A

increases one extreme

53
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

eliminates both extremes

54
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

increases both extremes

55
Q

Coevolution

A

species adjust together to maintain relationship

56
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

similar phenotypes arise in unrelated species as a result of environmental similarities

57
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

different phenotypes arise as related species encounter environmental similarities

58
Q

Microevolution

A

change within a population or species

59
Q

Macroevolution

A

change to a new population or species

60
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

occurs a result of geographical isolation, one group separates from the population, separate evolutionary pressures cause different genetic changes in both groups, most common mechanism

61
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

occurs in the same location, due to ecological isolation or polyploidy

62
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator

63
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A

two or more poisonous species, that may or may not be closely related and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other’s warning signals

64
Q

Heterotrophic

A

an organism that consumes other organisms (autotrophs) because it cannot synthesize food on it’s own

65
Q

Autotrophic

A

an organism that synthesizes its own food, does not consume other organisms

66
Q

Chemoorganothrophs

A

use organic compounds for chemical energy and sources of carbon, heterotrophic, largest group of prokaryotes, including disease-causing bacteria

67
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A

use inorganic compounds for chemical energy, autotrophic, iron-oxidizing bacteria

68
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

use CO2 and H2O, release O2

69
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

use carbon from organic compounds, do not release O2

70
Q

Mycelium

A

network of filaments

71
Q

Hypha

A

individual filaments

72
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

bilateral symmetry, coelomate, three tissue layers, distinct body regions- head, thorax, abdomen, “joint-footed,” exoskeleton- moved at joints by muscles, open circulatory system, complex nervous system- compound eye, efficient gas exchange system

73
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

bilateral symmetry, coelomate, deuterostome, three tissue layers, four common features- notochord, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail

74
Q

Sporophyte

A

produces spores my meiosis

75
Q

Gametophyte

A

produces spores by mitosis

76
Q

Stamen

A

produce pollen in anther

77
Q

Pistil (Carpel)

A

produce ovule in ovary

78
Q

Mosses

A

non-vascular (no fluid-conducting vascular system), enclosed reproductive structures, require moist environments

79
Q

Angiosperms

A

vascular plants with flowers and fruit, broad waterproof leaves, greatly reduced gametophyte (pollen grain and embryo sac with egg), many have animal pollinators and seed distributors, some use wind, seed contains diploid embryo, largest number of species (250,000)

80
Q

Pappus

A

propellor-like structure on a plant for seed dispersal

81
Q

Seed Wing

A

wing-like structures which aid in dispersal of seeds

82
Q

Left Ventricle

A

pumps blood to the rest of the body (not the lungs)

83
Q

Right Ventricle

A

pumps blood only to the lungs

84
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

carry oxygen

85
Q

White Blood Cells

A

defend against invaders

86
Q

Platelets

A

initiate blood clots

87
Q

Macrophages

A

engulf invaders

88
Q

B Cells

A

humoral immunity

89
Q

T Cells

A

cell-mediated immunity

90
Q

Antigen

A

molecules on the invader that are recognized by the immune system

91
Q

Antibody

A

protein that recognizes antigens

92
Q

Order of Vertebrae (from neck down)

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar

Biology 3 (27 decks)

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