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AP Psychology > Testing and Individual Differences > Flashcards

Testing and Individual Differences Flashcards

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1
Q

standardized

A

tested on a standardization sample and made to fit norms

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2
Q

standardization samples

A

a group of people representative of the people who normally will take the test

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3
Q

reliability

A

results are consistent; can be duplicated

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4
Q

split-half reliability

A

test is split into two, each half is tested, if the scores are consistent, then the test is reliable (the closer the correlation is to +1, the more reliable)

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5
Q

equivalent-form reliability

A

correlation between performance on different forms of the test

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6
Q

test-retest reliability

A

correlation between a person’s score on one administration of the test with the same person’s score on a subsequent administration of the test

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7
Q

valid

A

measures what it’s supposed to measure, accurate

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8
Q

face validity

A

if it looks like it works

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9
Q

content validity

A

how well a measure reflects the entire range of material it’s supposed to be testing

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10
Q

concurrent validity

A

measures how much of a characteristic a person has now

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11
Q

predictive validity

A

measures future performance

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12
Q

construct validity

A

correlates the new test with another already-proved-to-be-valid test

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13
Q

aptitude test

A

test that measures ability or potential

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14
Q

achievement test

A

test that measures what one has accomplished or learned

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15
Q

speed test

A

large number of questions asked in a short amount of time, insufficient time is given

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16
Q

power test

A

questions are asked in increasing difficulty level, sufficient time is given

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17
Q

group test

A

test administered to a large group of people, less expensive, more objective

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18
Q

individual test

A

test administered on a one-on-one basis, more expensive, less objective

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19
Q

intelligence

A

the ability to gather and use information in productive ways

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20
Q

fluid intelligence

A

the ability to solve abstract problems and pick up new information and skills, seems to decrease over time

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21
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

the ability to use knowledge accumulated over time, seems to stay the same or increase over time

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22
Q

Charles Spearman

A

intelligence theorist

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23
Q

L.L. Thurstone

A

primary mental ability theory has seven main abilities: verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed and reasoning

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24
Q

J.P. Guilford

A

primary mental ability theory has well over 100 different abilities

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25
Q

Howard Gardner

A

multiple intelligences theorist

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26
Q

Daniel Goldman

A

supports EQ (emotional intelligence)

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27
Q

EQ (emotional intelligence)

A

ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups; helps people achieve what they want to achieve

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28
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

created triarchic theory, which consists of

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29
Q

componential/analytic intelligence

A

the ability to compare and contrast, explain, and analyze

30
Q

experiential intelligence

A

the ability to use their knowledge and experiences in new and creative ways

31
Q

contextual/practical intelligence

A

the ability to apply their knowledge to real-world situations

32
Q

Alfred Binet

A

wanted to design test to find children who would need help in school and created mental age

33
Q

mental age

A

an average 5-year-old will have the mental age of 5

34
Q

Louis Terman

A

a Stanford professor, came up with Stanford-Binet IQ test

35
Q

Stanford-Binet IQ test

A

-divide mental age by chronological age, then multiply by 100

36
Q

Weschler test

A

yields deviation IQ scores, mean is 100, standard deviation is 15, scores form a normal distribution

37
Q

heritability

A

a measure of how much of a trait’s variation is explained by genetic factor

38
Q

Flynn effect

A

performance on intelligence tests has been increasing steadily throughout the century, probably due to better environmental factors

39
Q

somatotype theory

A

William Sheldon

40
Q

endomorphs (fat)

A

according to William Sheldon

41
Q

mesomorphs (muscular)

A

according to William Sheldon

42
Q

ectomorphs (thin)

A

according to William Sheldon

43
Q

Albert Bandura

A

believed that personality is created by an interaction between the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior

44
Q

triadic reciprocality/reciprocal determinism

A

the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior each influence both of the other two in a constant looplike fashion

45
Q

self-efficacy

A

Refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. Those with high levels for a particular task are more likely to succeed than those with low levels

46
Q

George Kelley

A

proposed personal-construct theory of personality

47
Q

personal-construct theory of personality

A

George Kelley

48
Q

locus of control

A

Julian Rotter

49
Q

determinism

A

the belief that what happens is dictated by what has happened in the past

50
Q

free will

A

an individual’s ability to choose his or her own destiny

51
Q

humanistic psychology

A

also called the third force

52
Q

self-concept

A

a person’s global feeling about himself and herself

53
Q

self-esteem

A

A measure of how much you value and respect yourself

54
Q

self-actualize

A

to reach one’s full potential

55
Q

self-theory

A

created by Carl Rogers

56
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

a kind of blanket acceptance important in Carl Rogers’ self-theory

57
Q

projective tests

A

used by psychoanalysts

58
Q

self-report inventories

A

questionnaires that ask people to provide information about themselves

59
Q

Barnum effect

A

the tendency for people to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality

60
Q

metacognition

A

thinking about thinking

61
Q

criticisms of Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory

A

NAME?

62
Q

information processing model

A

a continuous alternative of Piaget’s stage theory

63
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

NAME?

64
Q

Heinz dilemma

A

stealing a drug he cannot afford in order to save his wife’s life

65
Q

preconventional

A

reasoning limited to how things affect themselves

66
Q

conventional

A

choice based on how others will view them

67
Q

postconventional

A

examines rights and values involved in choice

68
Q

Criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Carol Gilligan noted that his research was based on boys, her research showed that boys and girls had different moral attitudes, but was later disproved

69
Q

biopsychological (neuropsychological) theory of gender development

A

studies demonstrate that biological differences do exist between the sexes

70
Q

psychodynamic theory of gender development

A

gender development is a competition for your opposite sex parent, when you realize you can’t win, you imitate your same-sex parent

71
Q

social-cognitive theory of gender development

A

effects of society and thoughs about gender on role development

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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