Testing and Individual Differences Flashcards
standardized
tested on a standardization sample and made to fit norms
standardization samples
a group of people representative of the people who normally will take the test
reliability
results are consistent; can be duplicated
split-half reliability
test is split into two, each half is tested, if the scores are consistent, then the test is reliable (the closer the correlation is to +1, the more reliable)
equivalent-form reliability
correlation between performance on different forms of the test
test-retest reliability
correlation between a person’s score on one administration of the test with the same person’s score on a subsequent administration of the test
valid
measures what it’s supposed to measure, accurate
face validity
if it looks like it works
content validity
how well a measure reflects the entire range of material it’s supposed to be testing
concurrent validity
measures how much of a characteristic a person has now
predictive validity
measures future performance
construct validity
correlates the new test with another already-proved-to-be-valid test
aptitude test
test that measures ability or potential
achievement test
test that measures what one has accomplished or learned
speed test
large number of questions asked in a short amount of time, insufficient time is given
power test
questions are asked in increasing difficulty level, sufficient time is given
group test
test administered to a large group of people, less expensive, more objective
individual test
test administered on a one-on-one basis, more expensive, less objective
intelligence
the ability to gather and use information in productive ways
fluid intelligence
the ability to solve abstract problems and pick up new information and skills, seems to decrease over time
crystallized intelligence
the ability to use knowledge accumulated over time, seems to stay the same or increase over time
Charles Spearman
intelligence theorist
L.L. Thurstone
primary mental ability theory has seven main abilities: verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed and reasoning
J.P. Guilford
primary mental ability theory has well over 100 different abilities
Howard Gardner
multiple intelligences theorist
Daniel Goldman
supports EQ (emotional intelligence)
EQ (emotional intelligence)
ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups; helps people achieve what they want to achieve
Robert Sternberg
created triarchic theory, which consists of
componential/analytic intelligence
the ability to compare and contrast, explain, and analyze
experiential intelligence
the ability to use their knowledge and experiences in new and creative ways
contextual/practical intelligence
the ability to apply their knowledge to real-world situations
Alfred Binet
wanted to design test to find children who would need help in school and created mental age
mental age
an average 5-year-old will have the mental age of 5
Louis Terman
a Stanford professor, came up with Stanford-Binet IQ test
Stanford-Binet IQ test
-divide mental age by chronological age, then multiply by 100
Weschler test
yields deviation IQ scores, mean is 100, standard deviation is 15, scores form a normal distribution
heritability
a measure of how much of a trait’s variation is explained by genetic factor
Flynn effect
performance on intelligence tests has been increasing steadily throughout the century, probably due to better environmental factors
somatotype theory
William Sheldon
endomorphs (fat)
according to William Sheldon
mesomorphs (muscular)
according to William Sheldon
ectomorphs (thin)
according to William Sheldon
Albert Bandura
believed that personality is created by an interaction between the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior
triadic reciprocality/reciprocal determinism
the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior each influence both of the other two in a constant looplike fashion
self-efficacy
Refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. Those with high levels for a particular task are more likely to succeed than those with low levels
George Kelley
proposed personal-construct theory of personality
personal-construct theory of personality
George Kelley
locus of control
Julian Rotter
determinism
the belief that what happens is dictated by what has happened in the past
free will
an individual’s ability to choose his or her own destiny
humanistic psychology
also called the third force
self-concept
a person’s global feeling about himself and herself
self-esteem
A measure of how much you value and respect yourself
self-actualize
to reach one’s full potential
self-theory
created by Carl Rogers
unconditional positive regard
a kind of blanket acceptance important in Carl Rogers’ self-theory
projective tests
used by psychoanalysts
self-report inventories
questionnaires that ask people to provide information about themselves
Barnum effect
the tendency for people to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality
metacognition
thinking about thinking
criticisms of Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory
NAME?
information processing model
a continuous alternative of Piaget’s stage theory
Lawrence Kohlberg
NAME?
Heinz dilemma
stealing a drug he cannot afford in order to save his wife’s life
preconventional
reasoning limited to how things affect themselves
conventional
choice based on how others will view them
postconventional
examines rights and values involved in choice
Criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg
Carol Gilligan noted that his research was based on boys, her research showed that boys and girls had different moral attitudes, but was later disproved
biopsychological (neuropsychological) theory of gender development
studies demonstrate that biological differences do exist between the sexes
psychodynamic theory of gender development
gender development is a competition for your opposite sex parent, when you realize you can’t win, you imitate your same-sex parent
social-cognitive theory of gender development
effects of society and thoughs about gender on role development
