States of Consciousness Flashcards
dualism
the universe, including humans, is made up of thought and matter (matter- everything that has substance)
monism
everything is part of the same substance
consciousness
level of awareness
mere-exposure effect
old stimuli are preferred over new stimuli, because on some level the old stimuli are remembered and known
priming
exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus
blind sight
some blind people can respond to visual stimuli because on some level of consciousness is able to “see”
conscious
the information about yourself and your environment you are currently aware of
nonconscious
body processes controlled by your mind that we are not usually aware of
preconscious
information abut yourself or your environment that you are not currently thinking about, but could be
subconscious
information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist due to behavior like priming and mere-exposure
unconscious
psychoanalyst idea– some unacceptable events and feelings are repressed from conscious mind to unconscious
circadian rhythm
a daily cycle of activity observed in many living organisms
sleep onset
the stage between wakefulness and sleep
alpha waves
relatively high-frequency, low amplitude waves produced while awake and in stages 1 and 2
sleep spindles
short bursts of rapid brain waves that start to appear in stage 2 sleep
delta sleep/slow-wave sleep
stages 3 and 4’s other names due to the delta waves that exist during these stages
rapid eye movement (REM) (paradoxical sleep)
period of intense brain activity, eyes dart back and forth, many muscles twitch repeatedly, dreams
REM rebound
individuals deprived of REM sleep will experience more and longer periods of REM sleep the next time they are allowed to sleep normally
insomnia
problems getting to sleep/staying asleep at night
treatment of insomnia
treated with changes of behavior:
narcolepsy
periods of intense sleepiness and falling asleep at unpredictable and inappropriate times
treatment of narcolepsy
treated with medication and changing sleep patterns (naps at certain times of the day)
sleep apnea
when a person stops breathing for short periods of time during the night
night terrors
feelings of terror or dread usually affecting children
somnambulism
sleep walking usually occurring in children
manifest content
literal content of dreams
latent content
the unconscious meaning of the manifest content
protected sleep
ego protects us from unconscious by representing everything in symbols
activation-synthesis theory
dreams are interpretations of physiological things and have no meaning
information-processing theory
more stress causes more dreams about your stress
posthypnotic amnesia
people forget events that occurred during hypnosis
posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion that a hypnotized person have a certain way after hypnosis
role theory
hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness; hypnotized people are just filling out the “role” of a hypnotized person
hypnotic suggestibility
some people are more easily hypnotized than others
state theory
theory that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness
dissociation theory
created by Ernest Hilgard
Ernest Hilgard
dissociation theory
psychoactive drugs
chemicals that change the chemistry of the brain and induce an altered state of consciousness
blood-brain barrier
thick walls surrounding the brain’s blood vessels that protect the brain from harmful chemicals
agonist
drugs that mimic neurotransmitters
antagonists
drugs that block neurotransmitters
tolerance
a physiological change that produces a need for more of the same drug in order to achieve the same effect
reverse tolerance
the first dose lingers in the body and enhances the effect of the second dose although it may be smaller
depressants
drugs that slow down body processes
effects of alcohol
slowed down reactions and judgment, impaired motor coordination
stimulants
drugs that speed up body processes
examples of stimulants
caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines and nicotine
side effects of stimulants
disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, increased anxiety, heart problems
hallucinogens/psychedelics
drugs that cause changes in perceptions of reality, including sensory hallucinations, loss of identity, and vivid fantasies
examples of hallucinogens/psychedelics
LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms, marajuana
opiates
drugs that act as agonists for endorphins and reduce pain and elevate mood
examples of opiates
morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine
side effects of opiates
drowsiness, euphoria, physically addictive because they change brain chemistry quickly
frontal lobes
part of the cerebral cortex
Broca’s area
in the frontal lobe
motor cortex
in the frontal lobe
parietal lobes
contains sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)
sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)
receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of the body
occipital lobes
at the very back of the brain
temporal lobes
unlike occipital lobes, sound from either ear is processed in both temporal lobes
Wernicke’s area
located in temporal lobe
brain plasticity
the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.
adrenal glands
produce adrenaline, which causes rest of body to go into fight or flight mode
Thomas Bouchard
conducted study on identical twins that found a correlation of 0.69 on IQ, criticized because their similar appearances may have led to their being treated similarly
Turner’s syndrome
only one X chromosome in the 23rd pair
Klinefelter’s syndrome
extra X chromosome
Down’s syndrome
extra chromosome on the 21st pair
