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AP Psychology > Methods > Flashcards

Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

applied research

A

research with clear, practical applications

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2
Q

basic research

A

research that explores questions that are of interest of psychologists that are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications

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3
Q

valid

A

measures what it’s supposed to measure; accurate

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4
Q

reliable

A

can be replicated, consistent

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5
Q

hypothesis

A

a relationship between two variables

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6
Q

variables

A

things that vary among the participants in the research

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7
Q

dependent variable

A

depends on the independent variable

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8
Q

theory

A

an explanation of some phenomenon, allows researchers to generate testable hypotheses

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9
Q

operationalize

A

to explain how you will measure a variable

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10
Q

subjects

A

the participants in research

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11
Q

sampling

A

the process by which subjects are selected

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12
Q

sample

A

group of subjects; should be representative of a larger population

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13
Q

population

A

anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample

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14
Q

random selection

A

randomly selecting the sample group, increases the likelihood that the sample represents the population

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15
Q

stratified sampling

A

randomly sampling each strata (category of people, for example race or gender) of the population, so that the final sample reflects the population more accurately

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16
Q

laboratory experiment

A

conducted in a lab, a highly controlled environment

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17
Q

field experiment

A

conducted in the world, more realistic than laboratory experiment

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18
Q

experiment

A

only experiments can show cause and effect relationships through the manipulation of the independent variable and subsequent observation of the dependent variable while controlling for confounding variables

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19
Q

confounding variable

A

any difference between the experimental and control conditions, besides the changes of the independent variable

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20
Q

assignment

A

the process by which subjects are put into a group, experimental or control

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21
Q

random assignment

A

each subject has an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or the control group

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22
Q

group matching

A

half of each condition (for example, male or female) is assigned to each group (experimental or control)

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23
Q

situation-relevant confounding variables

A

differences between the experimental and control situations that may affect the experiment

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24
Q

experimenter bias

A

the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypotheses

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25
Q

double-blind procedure

A

neither the subjects nor the researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research

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26
Q

single-blind procedure

A

only the subjects do not know which group they’re in

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27
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues about the purpose of the study

28
Q

response/subject bias

A

when subjects behave in ways they think the observer wants them to behave

29
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

selecting a group of people on whom to experiment will affect the performance of hat group, regardless of what is done to the individuals

30
Q

placebo effect

A

the purely psychological effects of thinking you took a drug when you really didn’t

31
Q

counterbalancing

A

using subjects as their own control group by having half of them be experimental first and half of them be control first

32
Q

order effect

A

the order of the experimental/control group activities may affect the results

33
Q

correlation

A

a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause

34
Q

ex post facto study

A

research in which subjects are chosen based on a pre-existing condition; all other variables are controlled

35
Q

survey method

A

kind of correlational research in which surveys are filled out; difficult to control for confounding variables

36
Q

naturalistic observation

A

unobtrusive observation on subjects in their natural habitats, control is sacrificed

37
Q

case study

A

a full, detailed picture of one subject or a small group of subjects; not reflective of population, as a result findings cannot be generalized

38
Q

descriptive statistics

A

describe a set of data

39
Q

frequency distribution

A

a distribution of observed frequencies of occurrence of the values of a variable

40
Q

frequency polygon

A

line graph

41
Q

histogram

A

bar graph

42
Q

measures of central tendency

A

attempt to mark the center of a distribution

43
Q

mean

A

the average of all the scores in a distribution

44
Q

median

A

the middle score of a distribution when written in ascending or descending order

45
Q

mode

A

the score that appears most frequently

46
Q

positively skewed

A

when a distribution has a high outlier, there are more low scores than high scores due to the outlier

47
Q

negatively skewed

A

when a distribution has a low outlier, there are more high scores than low scores due to the outlier

48
Q

measures of variability

A

attempt to depict the diversity of the distribution

49
Q

variance

A

the average of the squared differences of each number from the mean

50
Q

standard deviation

A

the square root of the variance

51
Q

range

A

the distance between the highest and lowest score in a distribution

52
Q

z score

A

the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation

53
Q

normal curve

A

theoretical bell-shaped curve for which the area under the curve lying between any two z scores has been predetermined

54
Q

percentile

A

the distance of a score from 0

55
Q

correlation coefficient

A

range from -1 and +1

56
Q

scatter plot

A

a series of points plotted on a graph

57
Q

line of best fit

A

the line drawn through the scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points from the line

58
Q

inferential statistics

A

determine whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected; making sure the results are not due to sampling error and chance

59
Q

sampling error

A

the extent to which a sample differs from the population

60
Q

p value

A

the percent chance that the findings were due to chance

61
Q

institutional review board

A

reviews research proposal for ethical violations and/or procedural errors

62
Q

informed consent

A

participants must know that they are involved in research and give their consent

63
Q

coercion

A

participation must be voluntary

64
Q

anonymity/confidentiality

A

both protect privacy

65
Q

risk

A

participants cannot be placed in significant mental or physical risk

66
Q

debriefing procedures

A

participants must be told the purpose of the study and provided with ways to contact the researchers about study results

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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