History and Approaches

Question 1

introspection

Answer 1

the purposeful and rational self-observation of one’s mental state; first wave of psychology

Question 2

trephination

Answer 2

a operation used by Stone Age humans that removes a circular section of bone from the skull

Question 3

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 3

set up the first psychological laboratory, trained subjects in introspection

Question 4

structuralism

Answer 4

the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations

Question 5

William James

Answer 5

published psychology’s first textbook: The Principles of Psychology, created functionalism

Question 6

functionalism

Answer 6

explains how the structures in structuralism function in our lives

Question 7

Gestalt psychology

Answer 7

examined a person’s total experience, not just bits and pieces of it; second wave of psychology

Question 8

Max Wertheimer

Answer 8

a Gestalt psychologist

Question 9

psychoanalysis

Answer 9

human behavior, experience, and cognition are largely determined by irrational drives; third wave of psychology

Question 10

Sigmund Freud

Answer 10

created psychoanalytic theory

Question 11

unconscious mind

Answer 11

a part of the mind that we do not have conscious control that determines, in part, how we think and behave

Question 12

repression

Answer 12

the pushing down into the unconscious events and feelings that cause so much anxiety and tension that our conscious mind cannot deal with them

Question 13

defense mechanism

Answer 13

psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny, or distort reality

Question 14

behaviorism

Answer 14

psychologists should only look at behavior and causes of behavior, not elements of consciousness; fourth wave of psychology; dominant school of thought from the 1920s to 1960s

Question 15

John Watson

Answer 15

studied Ivan Pavlov’s conditioning experiments, main proponent of behaviorism

Question 16

stimuli

Answer 16

environmental events

Question 17

responses

Answer 17

physical reactions

Question 18

B.F. Skinner

Answer 18

behaviorist, expanded the ideas to include reinforcement

Question 19

reinforcement

Answer 19

environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses

Question 20

eclectic

Answer 20

drawing from multiple perspectives of psychology; fifth wave of psychology; most current psychologists are eclectic

Question 21

humanism

Answer 21

stresses individual choice and free will, most of our behaviors are chosen due to physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs

Question 22

Abraham Maslow

Answer 22

humanist

Question 23

Carl Rogers

Answer 23

humanist

Question 24

biopsychology

Answer 24

explains human thought and behavior in terms of biological processes only

Question 25

evolutionary psychologists (sociobiologists)

Answer 25

examine human thoughts and actions in terms of natural selection

Question 26

natural selection

Answer 26

favorable traits for survival will be passed down and preserved

Question 27

cognitive psychologists

Answer 27

examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events

Question 28

social-cultural psychologists

Answer 28

looks at how human thought and behavior varies from culture to culture

Question 29

comparative psychologists

Answer 29

look at the psychology of non-human animals

Question 30

overt behavior

Answer 30

Behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behavior.

Question 31

covert behavior

Answer 31

Behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior. Thoughts and feelings are covert behaviors.