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AP Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience

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2
Q

Classical conditioning

A

type of learning where people and animals can learn to associate neutral stimuli (ex: sound) with stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary responses (ex: food) and will learn to respond similarly to the new stimulus as they did to the old one (ex: salivate).

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3
Q

Neutral stimuli

A

stimuli that only focuses attention

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4
Q

Unconditioned stimulus/US/UCS

A

original stimulus that elicits a natural, reflexive response

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5
Q

Unconditioned response/UR/UCR

A

the natural response elicited from the unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Conditioned response/CR

A

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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7
Q

Conditioned stimulus/CS

A

the originally irrelevant stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response after association with an unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

Acquisition

A

the acquiring of a new behavior that occurs once one responds to the CS without the US present

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9
Q

Delayed conditioning

A

acquisition with the presentation of the CS followed by the US

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10
Q

Trace conditioning

A

acquisition with the presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the US

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11
Q

Simultaneous conditioning

A

acquisition with the presentation of the CS and the US at the same time

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12
Q

Backward conditioning

A

acquisition with the US presented first, followed by the CS

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13
Q

Extinction

A

the process of unlearning a behavior, achieved when the CS no longer elicits the CR

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14
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

phenomenon where the CR briefly reappears upon presentation of the CS after a CR has been extinguished and no further training has taken place

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15
Q

Generalization

A

the tendency to respond to similar CS’

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16
Q

Discrimination

A

the ability to tell the difference between various stimuli

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17
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

conditioning to avoid the US

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18
Q

Second-order/Higher-order conditioning

A

the brief use of a CS as a US to elicit a new stimulus (only possible once a CS elicits a CR)

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19
Q

Learned taste aversions

A

the aversion developed to certain foods due to illness after ingestion

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20
Q

Salient stimuli

A

easily noticeable stimuli

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21
Q

Garcia effect

A

the ease with which animals learn taste aversions that occurs whenever nausea is paired with food or drink

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22
Q

Operant conditioning

A

type of learning based on the association of consequences with behaviors

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23
Q

Law of Effect

A

law that states that if consequences to a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened, increasing the likelihood of that behavior; if consequences to a behavior are unpleasant, the stimulus-response connection will weaken, lessening the likelihood of that behavior

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24
Q

Skinner Box

A

a box that delivers food to animals with a lever to press or disk to peck

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25
Q

Reinforcer

A

any event that makes the behavior more likely to occur

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26
Q

Reinforcement

A

the process of reinforcing a behavior

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27
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

the addition of something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring

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28
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

the removal of something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring

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29
Q

Escape learning

A

the termination of an aversive stimulus

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30
Q

Avoidance learning

A

the avoidance of an aversive stimulus

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31
Q

Punishment

A

anything that makes a behavior less likely to occur

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32
Q

Positive punishment (usually referred to as punishment)

A

the addition of something unpleasant to make a behavior less likely to occur

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33
Q

Omission training/negative punishment

A

the removal of something pleasant to make a behavior less likely to occur

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34
Q

Shaping

A

technique that reinforces the small steps used to reach the desired behavior

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35
Q

Chaining

A

technique that links together separate behaviors into a complex activity

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36
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

reinforcers that are rewarding

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37
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

reinforcers that we value

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38
Q

Token economy

A

system that uses tokens as rewards for performing desired behaviors

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39
Q

Premack principle

A

principle that states that more probable behaviors can be used to reinforce less probable behaviors

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40
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

the reward of a desired behavior continuously

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41
Q

Partial-reinforcement schedules

A

the reward of a desired behavior intermittently

42
Q

Partial-reinforcement effect

A

the phenomenon where behaviors will be more resistant to extinction if not reinforced continuously

43
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule (FR)

A

schedule that requires a set number of responses before a response results in reinforcement

44
Q

Variable-ratio schedule (VR)

A

schedule that varies the number of responses before a response results in reinforcement

45
Q

Fixed-interval schedule (FI)

A

schedule that requires that a certain amount of time elapses before a response will result in reinforcement

46
Q

Variable-interval schedule (VI)

A

schedule that varies the amount of time that elapses before a response will result in reinforcement

47
Q

Instinctive drift

A

the tendency for animals to forgo rewards to pursue their typical patterns of behavior

48
Q

Cognitive learning

A

type of learning that depends on processes not directly observable that argues conditioning has a cognitive component

49
Q

Contiguity model (V1)

A

the Pavlovian model that postulates that the more times things are paired, the greater the learning that will take place

50
Q

Contingency model (V2)

A

model that postulates that A is contingent upon B when A depends on B and vice versa

51
Q

Observational learning/modeling

A

type of learning that occurs through the observation of a behavior

52
Q

Latent learning

A

type of learning that becomes obvious only once reinforcement is given for demonstrating it

53
Q

Abstract learning

A

type of learning that involves understanding concepts rather than learning simply to secure a reward

54
Q

Insight learning

A

type of learning that occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem

55
Q

token economy

A

behavioral therapy

56
Q

modeling

A

behavioral therapy

57
Q

attributional style

A

a person’s characteristic way of explaining outcomes of events in his or her life

58
Q

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT or RET)

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy developed by Albert Ellis. Therapists look to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients.

59
Q

cognitive therapy

A

developed by Aaron Beck, usually used in treatment of depression, involves trying to get clients to engage in pursuits that will bring them success

60
Q

cognitive triad

A

theorized by Aaron Beck

61
Q

family therapy

A

a type of group therapy used to treat families

62
Q

self-help groups

A

a type of group therapy that does not involve a therapist

63
Q

psychopharmacology/chemotherapy

A

the use of drugs to treat psychological problems

64
Q

antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics)

A

block the receptor sites for dopamine, used to treat schizophrenia, may result in tardive dyskinesia

65
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

Parkinsonian-like, chronic muscle tremors

66
Q

drugs used to treat unipolar depression

A

tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs (Prozac) which all tend to increase the activity of serotonin

67
Q

lithium

A

a metal used to trea the manic phase of bipolar disorder

68
Q

drugs used to treat anxiety disorders

A

barbiturates (Miltown) and benzodiazepines (Xanax and Valium)

69
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

when an electric current is passed through one (unilateral ECT) or both (bilateral ECT) hemispheres of the brain

70
Q

psychosurgery

A

the purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter a person’s behavior

71
Q

prefrontal lobotomy

A

a type of psychosurgery

72
Q

psychiatrists

A

medical doctors and are the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication

73
Q

clinical psychologists

A

psychologists with a Ph. D. and specialize in research, assessment, and therapy

74
Q

counseling psychologists

A

psychologists with a graduate degree in psychology and treat less severe problems than clinical psychologists do

75
Q

psychoanalysts

A

people trained specifically in Freudian methods who may or may not hold medical degrees

76
Q

paraphilia

A

the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexual

77
Q

fetishism

A

paraphilia

78
Q

pedophilia

A

paraphilia

79
Q

zoophilia

A

paraphilia

80
Q

voyeur

A

paraphilia

81
Q

masochist

A

paraphilia

82
Q

sadist

A

paraphilia

83
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

little regard for other people’s feelings

84
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

rely too much on the attention and help of others

85
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

feel persecuted

86
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

seeing oneself as the center of the universe

87
Q

histronic personality disorder

A

overly dramatic behavior

88
Q

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors, but not to the point of obsessive compulsive disorder

89
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder

90
Q

bulimia

A

eating disorder

91
Q

substance use disorder

A

regular and negative use of alcohol or other drugs that alter behavior

92
Q

substance dependence

A

addiction

93
Q

autism

A

developmental disorder

94
Q

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

developmental disorder

95
Q

Rosenhan Study

A

study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.

96
Q

preconventional

A

reasoning limited to how things affect themselves

97
Q

conventional

A

choice based on how others will view them

98
Q

postconventional

A

examines rights and values involved in choice

99
Q

Criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Carol Gilligan noted that his research was based on boys, her research showed that boys and girls had different moral attitudes, but was later disproved

100
Q

biopsychological (neuropsychological) theory of gender development

A

studies demonstrate that biological differences do exist between the sexes

101
Q

psychodynamic theory of gender development

A

gender development is a competition for your opposite sex parent, when you realize you can’t win, you imitate your same-sex parent

102
Q

social-cognitive theory of gender development

A

effects of society and thoughs about gender on role development

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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