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AP Psychology > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

three-box/information-processing model

A

sensory, encoding, short-term/working, long-term and retrieval

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2
Q

George Sperling

A

demonstrated sensory memory by flashing a grid of 9 letters for 1/20th of a second

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3
Q

sensory memory

A

a split-second holding tank for incoming sensory information

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4
Q

iconic memory

A

a split-second perfect photograph of a scene

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5
Q

echoic memory

A

a split-second perfect memory of a sound

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6
Q

selective attention

A

determines what is encoded from sensory memory to short-term memory

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7
Q

short-term (working) memory

A

memories currently using and are aware of in consciousness

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8
Q

chunking

A

grouping items in about 7

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9
Q

mnemonic aids

A

memory aids

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10
Q

rehearse

A

repeat

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11
Q

long-term memory

A

permanent storage

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12
Q

episodic memory

A

memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series of events

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13
Q

semantic memory

A

general knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially

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14
Q

procedural memory

A

memories of skills and how to perform them

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15
Q

explicit (declarative) memory

A

conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember

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16
Q

implicit (nondeclarative) memory

A

unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have

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17
Q

eidetic (photographic) memory

A

the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure

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18
Q

Alexandra Luria

A

studied a patient with eidetic memory who could repeat a list of 70 letters or digits and remember it up to 15 years later

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19
Q

levels of processing model

A
  • long/short-term memory doesn’t exist
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20
Q

retrieval

A

two types of retrieval: recognition and recall

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21
Q

recognition

A

the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory

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22
Q

recall

A

retrieving a memory with an external cue

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23
Q

primacy effect

A

predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list

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24
Q

recency effect

A

predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the end of a list

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25
Q

serial position effect (curve)

A

when recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a list

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26
Q

tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon

A

condition of being almost, but not quite, able to remember something; used to investigate the nature of semantic memory

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27
Q

semantic network theory

A

memories are linked to one another like spiderwebs

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28
Q

flashbulb memory

A

highly detailed memory of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising news is heard

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29
Q

state-dependent memory

A

recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness, like sleepiness

30
Q

mood congruent memory

A

the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matches the mood we were in when the event happened

31
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

showed that recovered memories could be constructed or false recollections of events

32
Q

constructed memory

A

may report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occured

33
Q

decay

A

not using a memory or connections to a memory for a long period of time

34
Q

relearning

A

after learning and forgetting, learning again becomes faster

35
Q

interference

A

other information competes with what you’re trying to recall

36
Q

retroactive interference

A

learning new information interferes with the recall of older information

37
Q

proactive interference

A

old information interferes with the recall of newer information

38
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

old memories can be recalled, new memories (except procedural) cannot be made

39
Q

long-term potention

A

repeated firings between neurons strengthen the connection between them

40
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest units of sound used in a language

41
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest unit of meaningful sound

42
Q

language acquisition

A

natural unconscious process of language development in humans that occurs without instruction, but needs exposure

43
Q

language acquisition theory

A

the ability to learn a language rapidly as children

44
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

language acquisition device

45
Q

language acquisition device

A

the ability to learn a language quickly as children

46
Q

babbling stage

A

innate, represents a baby’s experimentation with phonemes

47
Q

telegraphic

A

second stage in language acquisition

48
Q

overgeneralization

A

misapplication of grammar rules

49
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

Benjamin Whorf

50
Q

prototype

A

what concepts are based on, the most typical example of a particular concept

51
Q

image

A

mental pictures created in mind, not necessarily visual

52
Q

algorithm

A

a problem solving technique that guarantees the correct solution by trying every possibility

53
Q

heuristic

A

a rule of thumb, generally but not always true

54
Q

availability heuristic

A

judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially

55
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind

56
Q

belief bias

A

illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs

57
Q

belief perseverance

A

tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted

58
Q

rigidity (mental set)

A

the tendency to fall into established thought patterns

59
Q

functional fixedness

A

an example of rigidity

60
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is true

61
Q

framing

A

the way a problem is presented

62
Q

creativity

A

original/novel but still fits the situation

63
Q

convergent thinking

A

thinking pointed toward one solution

64
Q

divergent thinking

A

thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question

65
Q

brain plasticity

A

the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.

66
Q

adrenal glands

A

produce adrenaline, which causes rest of body to go into fight or flight mode

67
Q

Thomas Bouchard

A

conducted study on identical twins that found a correlation of 0.69 on IQ, criticized because their similar appearances may have led to their being treated similarly

68
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

only one X chromosome in the 23rd pair

69
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

extra X chromosome

70
Q

Down’s syndrome

A

extra chromosome on the 21st pair

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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