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AP Psychology > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

three-box/information-processing model

A

sensory, encoding, short-term/working, long-term and retrieval

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2
Q

George Sperling

A

demonstrated sensory memory by flashing a grid of 9 letters for 1/20th of a second

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3
Q

sensory memory

A

a split-second holding tank for incoming sensory information

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4
Q

iconic memory

A

a split-second perfect photograph of a scene

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5
Q

echoic memory

A

a split-second perfect memory of a sound

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6
Q

selective attention

A

determines what is encoded from sensory memory to short-term memory

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7
Q

short-term (working) memory

A

memories currently using and are aware of in consciousness

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8
Q

chunking

A

grouping items in about 7

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9
Q

mnemonic aids

A

memory aids

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10
Q

rehearse

A

repeat

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11
Q

long-term memory

A

permanent storage

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12
Q

episodic memory

A

memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series of events

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13
Q

semantic memory

A

general knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially

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14
Q

procedural memory

A

memories of skills and how to perform them

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15
Q

explicit (declarative) memory

A

conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember

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16
Q

implicit (nondeclarative) memory

A

unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have

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17
Q

eidetic (photographic) memory

A

the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure

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18
Q

Alexandra Luria

A

studied a patient with eidetic memory who could repeat a list of 70 letters or digits and remember it up to 15 years later

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19
Q

levels of processing model

A
  • long/short-term memory doesn’t exist
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20
Q

retrieval

A

two types of retrieval: recognition and recall

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21
Q

recognition

A

the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory

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22
Q

recall

A

retrieving a memory with an external cue

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23
Q

primacy effect

A

predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list

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24
Q

recency effect

A

predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the end of a list

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25
serial position effect (curve)
when recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a list
26
tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon
condition of being almost, but not quite, able to remember something; used to investigate the nature of semantic memory
27
semantic network theory
memories are linked to one another like spiderwebs
28
flashbulb memory
highly detailed memory of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising news is heard
29
state-dependent memory
recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness, like sleepiness
30
mood congruent memory
the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matches the mood we were in when the event happened
31
Elizabeth Loftus
showed that recovered memories could be constructed or false recollections of events
32
constructed memory
may report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occured
33
decay
not using a memory or connections to a memory for a long period of time
34
relearning
after learning and forgetting, learning again becomes faster
35
interference
other information competes with what you're trying to recall
36
retroactive interference
learning new information interferes with the recall of older information
37
proactive interference
old information interferes with the recall of newer information
38
anterograde amnesia
old memories can be recalled, new memories (except procedural) cannot be made
39
long-term potention
repeated firings between neurons strengthen the connection between them
40
phonemes
the smallest units of sound used in a language
41
morphemes
the smallest unit of meaningful sound
42
language acquisition
natural unconscious process of language development in humans that occurs without instruction, but needs exposure
43
language acquisition theory
the ability to learn a language rapidly as children
44
Noam Chomsky
language acquisition device
45
language acquisition device
the ability to learn a language quickly as children
46
babbling stage
innate, represents a baby's experimentation with phonemes
47
telegraphic
second stage in language acquisition
48
overgeneralization
misapplication of grammar rules
49
linguistic relativity hypothesis
Benjamin Whorf
50
prototype
what concepts are based on, the most typical example of a particular concept
51
image
mental pictures created in mind, not necessarily visual
52
algorithm
a problem solving technique that guarantees the correct solution by trying every possibility
53
heuristic
a rule of thumb, generally but not always true
54
availability heuristic
judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially
55
representativeness heuristic
judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind
56
belief bias
illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs
57
belief perseverance
tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted
58
rigidity (mental set)
the tendency to fall into established thought patterns
59
functional fixedness
an example of rigidity
60
confirmation bias
the tendency to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is true
61
framing
the way a problem is presented
62
creativity
original/novel but still fits the situation
63
convergent thinking
thinking pointed toward one solution
64
divergent thinking
thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question
65
brain plasticity
the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.
66
adrenal glands
produce adrenaline, which causes rest of body to go into fight or flight mode
67
Thomas Bouchard
conducted study on identical twins that found a correlation of 0.69 on IQ, criticized because their similar appearances may have led to their being treated similarly
68
Turner's syndrome
only one X chromosome in the 23rd pair
69
Klinefelter's syndrome
extra X chromosome
70
Down's syndrome
extra chromosome on the 21st pair

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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