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AP Psychology > Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

neuroanatomy

A

the study of the parts and function of neurons

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2
Q

neurons

A

individual nerve cells that make up our entire nervous system

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3
Q

dendrites

A

rootlike parts of the nerve cell that stretch out from the cell body; grow to make synaptic connections with other neurons

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4
Q

cell body (soma)

A

contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life

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5
Q

axon

A

wirelike structure ending in the terminal buttons that extends from the cell body

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6
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty covering around the axon that speeds neural impulses

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7
Q

terminal buttons

A

also called: end buttons, terminal branches of axon, synaptic knobs

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8
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate

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9
Q

synapse

A

the space beween the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neurons

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10
Q

action potential

A

the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted

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11
Q

function of acetylcholine

A

motor movement

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12
Q

lack of acetylcholine

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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13
Q

function of dopamine

A

motor movement and alertness

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14
Q

lack of dopamine

A

Parkinson’s disease

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15
Q

overabundance of dopamine

A

schizophrenia

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16
Q

function of endorphins

A

pain control; involved in addictions

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17
Q

function of serotonin

A

mood control

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18
Q

lack of serotonin

A

associated with clinical depression

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19
Q

afferent neurons

A

neurons that take information from the senses to the brain

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20
Q

interneurons

A

in the brain or spinal cord, neurons that take messages and send them elsewhere in the brain or spinal cord

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21
Q

efferent neurons

A

neurons that take information from the brain to the rest of the body

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22
Q

Central Nervous System

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord; nerves encased in bone

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23
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

consists of nerves not encased in bone

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24
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls voluntary muscle movements

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25
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

controls the automatic functions of our body

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26
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

part of the Autonomic Nervous System

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27
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

part of the Autonomic Nervous System

28
Q

Phineas Gage

A

a railroad worker involved in an accident that damaged the front part of his brain

29
Q

lesioning

A

the removal or destruction of part of the brain

30
Q

frontal lobotomy

A

type of lesioining that was used to treat mentally ill patiens

31
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

detects brain waves, used in sleep research

32
Q

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

A

a sophisticated 3D X ray of the brain

33
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

a sophisticated 3D magnetic field image of the brain

34
Q

Portion Emission Tomography (PET)

A

measures how much of a certain chemical parts of the brain is using

35
Q

Functional MRI

A

combination of MRI and PET

36
Q

hindbrain

A

structures in the top part of the spinal cord, controls basic biological functions that keep us alive

37
Q

medulla

A

part of hindbrain

38
Q

pons

A

part of hindbrain

39
Q

cerebellum

A

part of hindbrain

40
Q

midbrain

A

coordinates simple movements with sensory information

41
Q

reticular formation

A

a netlike collection of cells throughout the hindbrain that controls general body arousal and he ability to focus our attention

42
Q

forebrain

A

controls thought and reason

43
Q

thalamus

A

part of forebrain

44
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of forebrain

45
Q

amygdala and hippocampus

A

hippocampus- arms surrounding the thalamus

46
Q

limbic system

A

made up of thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus

47
Q

fissures

A

wrinkles in the cerebral cortex

48
Q

contralateral control

A

each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body

49
Q

brain lateralization/hemispheric specialization

A

specialization of function in each hemisphere

50
Q

corpus callosum

A

the nerve bundle that connects the two hempisheres; cut in split-brain patients

51
Q

split-brain patients

A

patients whose corpus callosums have been cut

52
Q

association area

A

any area of the cerebral cortex that is not associated with receiving sensory information or controlling muscle movements

53
Q

frontal lobes

A

part of the cerebral cortex

54
Q

Broca’s area

A

in the frontal lobe

55
Q

motor cortex

A

in the frontal lobe

56
Q

parietal lobes

A

contains sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)

57
Q

sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)

A

receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of the body

58
Q

occipital lobes

A

at the very back of the brain

59
Q

temporal lobes

A

unlike occipital lobes, sound from either ear is processed in both temporal lobes

60
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

located in temporal lobe

61
Q

brain plasticity

A

the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.

62
Q

adrenal glands

A

produce adrenaline, which causes rest of body to go into fight or flight mode

63
Q

Thomas Bouchard

A

conducted study on identical twins that found a correlation of 0.69 on IQ, criticized because their similar appearances may have led to their being treated similarly

64
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

only one X chromosome in the 23rd pair

65
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

extra X chromosome

66
Q

Down’s syndrome

A

extra chromosome on the 21st pair

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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