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AP Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

transduction

A

the process in which signals are transformed into neural impulses

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2
Q

cocktail-party phenomenon

A

when your attention involuntarily switches (someone calls your name)

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3
Q

cornea

A

a protective covering of the eye

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4
Q

pupil

A

dilates and becomes smaller to allow the right amount of light into your eye

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5
Q

lens

A

curved and flexible in order to focus the light

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6
Q

retina

A

a screen on the back of your eye

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7
Q

cones

A

cells activated by color

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8
Q

rods

A

cells that respond to black and white

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9
Q

fovea

A

located at the center of your retina and contains the highest concentration of cones

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10
Q

ganglion cells

A

their axons make up the optic nerve that sends visual impulses to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus

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11
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

a place in the thalamus that receives impulses from the optic nerve

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12
Q

blind spot

A

where the optic nerve leaves the retina, calls such because has no rods or cones

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13
Q

optic chasm

A

the place nerves from both eyes join and cross over within the brain

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14
Q

feature detectors

A

discovered by Hubel and Weisel, nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

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15
Q

trichromatic theory

A

there are three types of cones in the retina (blue, red and green) that activate in different combinations to produce all the colors of the visible spectrum

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16
Q

afterimage

A

an image (usually a negative image) that persists after stimulation has ceased

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17
Q

opponent-process theory

A

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

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18
Q

amplitude

A

the height of a sound wave, measured in decibels

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19
Q

frequency

A

the length of the waves and determines pitch, measured in megahertz

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20
Q

order of sound in your ear

A

ear canal -> eardrum/tympanic membrane -> hammer (malleus bone) -> anvil (incus bone) -> stirrup (stapes bone) -> oval window -> cochlea (snail’s shell filled with fluid) -> hair at bottom of cochlea -> organ of Corti (neurons activated by the hair) -> auditory nerve

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21
Q

place theory

A

hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where they are located in the cochlea

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22
Q

frequency theory

A

place theory works for high frequency sounds, but not low frequency

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23
Q

conduction deafness

A

something goes wrong with the system of conducting sound to the cochlea

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24
Q

nerve (sensorineural) deafness

A

when the hair cells in the cochlea are damaged, usually by loud noise

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25
Q

gate-control theory

A

when a higher priority pain message coincides with a lower priority pain message, only the higher one will be felt

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26
Q

papillae

A

the bumps on your tongue

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27
Q

olfactory bulb

A

one of two enlargements at the terminus of the olfactory nerve at the base of the brain just above the nasal cavities

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28
Q

vestibular sense

A

how our body is oriented in space

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29
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

the position and orientation of specific body parts

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30
Q

absolute threshold

A

the smallest amount of stimulus we can detect

31
Q

subliminal

A

stimuli below absolute threshold

32
Q

difference threshold (just-noticeable difference)

A

the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we can detect a change

33
Q

Weber’s law

A

the change needed to make a noticeable difference to something is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus

34
Q

signal detection theory

A

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (“signal”) amid background stimulation (“noise”). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue.

35
Q

response criteria (receiver operating characteristics)

A

how motivated people are to detect certain stimuli and expectations for what they want to perceive

36
Q

false positive

A

when we think we perceive a stimulus that is not there

37
Q

a false negative

A

not perceiving a stimulus that is present

38
Q

top-down processing

A

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions

39
Q

schemata

A

mental representations of how we expect the world to be

40
Q

perceptual set

A

a predisposition to perceiving something in a certain way

41
Q

backmasking

A

supposed hidden messages musicians recorded backward in their music

42
Q

bottom-up processing (feature analysis)

A

we use only the features of the object itself to perceive it

43
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

A Gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states that we automatically separate the elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out and its less distinct background.

44
Q

constancy

A

the ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes in direct appearance

45
Q

visual cliff experiment

A

created by E.J. Gibson, used to determine when infants can perceive depth

46
Q

Muller-Lyer illusion

A

demonstrates that some perceptual rules are learned from culture

47
Q

Weber’s law for sight

A

constant for vision: 8%

48
Q

Weber’s law for hearing

A

constant for hearing: 5%

49
Q

forebrain

A

controls thought and reason

50
Q

thalamus

A

part of forebrain

51
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of forebrain

52
Q

amygdala and hippocampus

A

hippocampus- arms surrounding the thalamus

53
Q

limbic system

A

made up of thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus

54
Q

fissures

A

wrinkles in the cerebral cortex

55
Q

contralateral control

A

each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body

56
Q

brain lateralization/hemispheric specialization

A

specialization of function in each hemisphere

57
Q

corpus callosum

A

the nerve bundle that connects the two hempisheres; cut in split-brain patients

58
Q

split-brain patients

A

patients whose corpus callosums have been cut

59
Q

association area

A

any area of the cerebral cortex that is not associated with receiving sensory information or controlling muscle movements

60
Q

frontal lobes

A

part of the cerebral cortex

61
Q

Broca’s area

A

in the frontal lobe

62
Q

motor cortex

A

in the frontal lobe

63
Q

parietal lobes

A

contains sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)

64
Q

sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)

A

receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of the body

65
Q

occipital lobes

A

at the very back of the brain

66
Q

temporal lobes

A

unlike occipital lobes, sound from either ear is processed in both temporal lobes

67
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

located in temporal lobe

68
Q

brain plasticity

A

the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.

69
Q

adrenal glands

A

produce adrenaline, which causes rest of body to go into fight or flight mode

70
Q

Thomas Bouchard

A

conducted study on identical twins that found a correlation of 0.69 on IQ, criticized because their similar appearances may have led to their being treated similarly

71
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

only one X chromosome in the 23rd pair

72
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

extra X chromosome

73
Q

Down’s syndrome

A

extra chromosome on the 21st pair

AP Psychology (15 decks)

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