Test52: pathology Flashcards
Episodic headache, tachycardia, and diaphoresis highly suggests
pheochromocytoma
diaphoresis
sweating
Describe Cheyne-stroke breathing
cyclic breathing: apnea is followed by gradually increasing then decreasing tidal volumes until next apnea period
Enteric bacteria of gut can produce what
vitamin K and folate
What is small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
overproduction of vitamin K and folate,
The small bowel mucosa of patients with primary lactase deficiency have what histology
normal
Nasal mucosal ulcerations and glomerulonephritis is characteristic of what
granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)
antibodies against what is found in Wegener’s
neutrophils
Patients history of recurrent fever and abdominal pain along with dilated calyces with overlying cortical atrophy bilaterally, mostly in upper and lower poles suggests
Recurrent pyelonephritis
what causes vesicoureteral reflux
retrograde urine flow from bladder into ureter
Patient has postprandial epigastric pain and food aversion/weight loss in setting of coronary artery bypass ( atherosclerosis ) , ?
chronic mesenteric ischemia ( atherosclerosis of mesenteric artery)
histo for Silicosis
- calcification of rim of hillier nodes ( eggshell calcification)
- birefringent silica particles surrounded by fibrous tissue
Silicosis impairs what, increase risk for what
- impairs macrophages
- increase risk for TB
what is compound nevi and what layers does it involve
- benign proliferations of melanocytes
- both dermis and epidermis
What anatomical problem is almost always necessary for development of acute pyelonephritis
vesicoureteral reflux
frequent voiding
using bathroom a lot
clinical symptoms for hyperaldosteronism
paresthesias and muscle weakness
what does erythema multiforme look like on skin
target lesion
erythema multiforme is associated with what virus
herpes simplex virus
Name Virulence factors for measles virus
- hemagglutinin
- matrix protein
what is found in serum of someone with subacute sclerosing pancencephalitis
mealses virus antibodies
When does the 4th heart sound occur
end of diastole just before S1
what causes 4th heart sound
- decreased left ventricular compliance
- restrictive cardiomyopathy and left ventricular hypertrophy
Obese man with loud snoring, daytime sleepiness, and thick neck with narrow airway suggests
obstructive sleep apnea
prolonged, untreated obstructive sleep apnea can cause
- pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ( HER2) is overexposed in 20% of what cancers? treatment?
breast cancers
- means more aggressive tumor
- respond to anit-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab
HER2 is what type of receptor
tyrosine kinase
Role of bcl-2
inhibit apoptosis
what is the most common malignant hepatic lesion for liver
matastistis from another primary site ( breast, lung, colon)
- not hepatocellular carcinoma
Voluntary muscle activity is mediated by what neuron tract
corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts
corticospinal tracts that do not decussate at medulla travel where in spinal cord?
anterior corticospinal tract
corticospinal tract that decussate in medulla travel where in spinal cord
lateral corticospinal tract
Upper motor neuron lesion leads to what clinical finding
- spastic paralysis
- hyperreflexia
- Babinski sign
lower motor signs
- flaccid paralysis
- hypotonia
- hyporeflexia
- muscle atrophy
- fasciculations
what color is gray hepatiziation in lung
pale
Sudden cardiac death 12 days after MI is most likely due to
ventricular arrhythmias
Most common cause of mitral stenosis
rheumatic fever
What part of the brain is distorted in normal pressure hydrocephalus
- periventricular white matter
Extreme myofiber disarray with interstitial fibrosis on cardiac histology suggests
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
mutations in genes encoding cardiac sacromere proteins ( beta-myosin heavy chain)
Lab findings for Wilson’s disease
- elevated transaminases
- low serum ceruloplasmin
First line treatment for Wilson’s
D-penicillamine
where does copper accumulate in Wilson disease
- liver
- cornea
- basal ganglia ( parkinsonism)
Deferoxamine is used to treat what
iron overdose
Edetate calcium disodium is used to treat wht
lead poisoning
Fluoxetine is used to treat
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
- depression
Levodopa is used to treat
Parkinson disease
What is seen for hits for Crohn disease
noncaseating granulomas
what levels are elevated in hydatidiform mole
Beta-hCG levels
what causes hydatidiform mole
overexertion of paternal genes
Pathology of partial mole
- fetal tissue
- focal trophoblastic hyperplasia
- enlarged villi interspersed with normal villi
Proximal tubular cell ballooning and vacuolar degeneration in patient with acute renal failure. On top of this have oxalate crystals ? suggests
ethylene glycol poisoning with acute tubular necrosis
diagnostic test for pituitary adenoma
MRI of the brain
first-line treatment for pituitary adenoma
dopamine agonist ( bromocriptine)
Essential fructosuria will be positive for what test
copper reduction test
Peripheral blood smear of hypo chromic microcytic anemia arises from what condition
iron deficiency
A doctor should look for what as the first cause of iron deficiency
blood loss
What is the single most important measure to reduce the risk of transmission of hospital-acquired infections
hand washing
What gene mutation is associated with Crohn disease
NOD2
what is the NF-kB pathway
cytokine production
Carcinoembryonic antigen assay is most useful for detecting what in colon cancer
- recurrence
- and then residual disease
What causes Vitiligo
loss of epidermal melanocytes
The most common malignant malignancy in asbestoses
Bronchogenic carcinoma
What is contracture
during wound healing, excessive matrix metalloproteinase activity and myofibroblast accumulation
