Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
where is iron absorbed
duodenum
where is folate absorbed
small intestine
where is b12 absorbed
with bile salts in the ileum
wha converts trypsinogen to trypsin
enterokinase/enteropeptidase
what is a molten receptor agonist that is used to cause peristalsis
erythromycin
B cells in the germinal centers of Peyers Patches turn into what
IgA secreting cells that protect the gut from antigens
what is the enzyme that turns unconjugated bilirubin into conjugated bilirubin
UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase
complications of Chafas Disease
achalasia
mega colon
cardiomegaly
mucosal lacerations at the base of the esophagus that is due to vomiting
malloy-weiss syndrome
dysphagia
esophageal webs
iron deficiency
Plummer Vinson Syndrome
hypertrophied Ruggae in the stomach associated with protein loss and decreases acid production
Menetrier Disease
what is the main difference between angiodysplasa and diverticulosis
constipation
familial adenomatous polyposis + osseous and soft tissue tumors
supernumerary teeth
Gardner syndrome
FAP + malignant CNS tumor
Turcos Syndrome
harmatomas in the g.i. and hyper pigmentation of the mouth, lips, hands and genitalia
Peutz-Jehers Syndrome
tumor marker for colon cancer
CEA
AST>ALT in non alcoholic liver situations means what
that there is a progression to cirrhosis and fibrosis of the liver
what is Budd Chiari syndrome
when there is a thrombotic or non thrombotic obstruction of the hepatic vein that causes hepatomegaly and abdominal pain
alkaline phosphatase is elevated in what conditions
bone
biliary obstruction
infiltrative disorders
what is Reye Syndrome
rare fatal childhood hepatic encephalopathy that causes fatty liver, hypoglycemia and vomiting
what are mallory bodies
intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions of damaged keratin filaments found in hepatitis
what is hepatic adenoma usually due to
OCP use or anabolic steroids
what is angiosarcoma
a malignant tumor of the epithelial cells in the liver that is usually due to exposure to arsenic or vinyl chloride
a rare inherited disorder affecting the metabolism of bilirubin, a chemical formed from the breakdown of the heme in red blood cells. The disorder results in a form of nonhemolytic jaundice, which results in high levels of unconjugated bilirubin and often leads to brain damage in infants.
Crigler-Naijar Syndrome
a condition where hepatocytes cannot properly secrete conjugated bilirubin into the bile leaving the patient with a black liver
Dubin-Johnoson Syndrome
hepatocytes have a problem secreting conjugated bilirubin into the bile but the liver does not turn black
Rotor Syndorome
increases levels of uncongugated bilirubin that is usually noticed in adolescent years but doesn’t have significant consequences, happens in times of stress
Gilbert Syndrome
unknown cause of onion skining bile duct fibrosis with alternating strictures and dilation with beading of the extra hepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts seen in men
primary sclerosing cholangitis
autoimmune reactions with lymphocytic infiltration and granulomas and destruction of the interlobular bile ducts
primary biliary cirrhosis
extra hepatic biliary obstructions with increased pressure in the intrahepatic ducts seen in people with known obstructive sessions like gallstones
secondary biliary cirrhosis
a very aggressive tumor that arises from the pancreatic ducts with a one year survival rate
pancreatic adenocarcinoma
what is it called when there are episodes of vessel inflammation due to blood clots which are recurrent and appear in different locations. - associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Trousseau Syndrome
What is the MOA of Fidaxomicin
Is a macrocyclic antibody that inhibits the sigma subunit of he RNA POLYMERASE therby stoping protein synthesis and causing cell death. Used to treat c diff
Treatment for recurrent c diff
Fidaxomicin
Treatment for c perfringens
Doxycycline
Recurrent aphthous ulcers, genital ulcer and uveitis
Bechete syndrome
what needs to be supplemented into the breast milk after 4 months
iron
Lynch syndrome is associated with what cancers
colorectal
ovarian
endometrial
FAP is associated with what cancers
colorectal
osteomas/ desmoids
brain
Von Hipple Lindau is associated with what cancers
Hemangioblastomas
clear cell real cancer
pheochromocytoma
name of inactivated polio vaccine
salk
name of activated live polio vaccine
sabin
what would a biopsy of someone with lactose intolerance look like
normal
atrophy of intestinal villi is seen in what pathology
celiac Disease
colon problem where you see non caveating granulomas and abdominal pain is associated with what
Crohn’s Disease
diffuse infiammatori infiltrates with neutrophilic micro abscesses in the crypt lumina is seen in what disease
U. Colitis
Distended macrophages in the lamina propria are a finding in what
Whipple Disease (malabsorptive diarrhea, weight loss, joint pain)
what kind of lesions are in the esophagus of someone with HSV
punched out ulcers with eosinophilic nuclear inclusions
what kind of lessons are seen in the esophagus of someone with CMV
shallow/linear ulcers with nuclear/cytplasmic viral inclusions
Pill induced esophagitis can be caused by what drugs
tetracycline
bisphosphonates
potassium chloride
what part of the colon is always involved in HIrscsprung disease
rectum
what is a nucleoside antimetabolite drug that interferes with the duplication of viral genetic material and is used in Hep C and RSV
Ribavirin
Raltegravir
integrase inhibitor used to treat HIV
Indinavir
inhibit viral proteases (HIV)
Amantadine
inhibits uncoating of the influenza A viron
anti motility agent that works on the u opiod receptor
Loperamide
effective for treating central nausea (in acute migrants) and are D receptor blockers
Metoclopromide
Promethazine
why are D2 antagonist not the first line treatment for GI upset nausea
Because they can cause heavy sedation
ranitidine
H2 blocker that is used to reduce gastric acid secretions
what are the most important risk factors for getting squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
smoking and drinking
finley granular, homogenous, dull eosinophilic inclusions that fill the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte “ground glass hepatocyte” is?
HBV
when the mucosa of the terminal ileum is inflamed from Crohns, what happens to bile acids?
they are not able to be reabsorbed and become lost in the poo and make the patient susceptible to gall stones
describe breast milk jaundice
indirect hyperbillirubinemia that peaks at age two weeks because of an enzyme called beta glucuronidase in breast milk that deconjugates bilirubin
what part of the bowel should be biopsied in Hirrschsrpung disease
the SUBMUCOSA of the rectum to see if there are any ganglionic cells
pancreatic insufficiency is a problem in what disease
Cystic Fibrosis
what is the pancreas like in CF
unable to absorb fats and is obstructed and distended because of blockage by the mucous produces in CF
nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the intestine is seen in what disease
common variable immunodeficiency syndrome (CVID)
what is common variable immunodeficiency syndrome
a disorder of low immunoglobulin and B cells that predispose people to recurrent sinopulmonary and GI infections
what is the only cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties
IL-10
name some inflammatory TH1 cytokines
IL-2 and INF-gamma
IL-1 is secreted by
macrophages and epithelial cells
what cytokine stimulated humoral response by stimulating differential of B cells and increasing IGA production
IL-5
IL-5 is secreted by?
TH2 cells
which cytokine is related to the growth of eosinophils and is associated with allergic reactions
IL-5
which cytokine induces the differentiation of TH1 cells and activation of NK cells
IL-12
pro inflammatory cytokine that is a mediator of promoting leukocyte recruitment and activates the endothelium
TNF- alpha
the fraction of those people who truly have the disease amongst the POSITIVE reading people
positive predictive value
what can be measured when alkaline phosphatase is elevated to make sure it is elevated due to liver problems and not bone problems
gamma-glutamyl transferace ( because it isn’t present in a significant number in bone)
