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Uworld_sitr > Test 26: Immunology/Microbiology > Flashcards

Test 26: Immunology/Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles in neocortex are seen in what disease

A

Alzheimer

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2
Q

Loss of neurons in substantia nigra is characteristic of what disease

A

Parkinson disease

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3
Q

Atrophy of caudate nucleus is seen in what disease

A

Huntington disease

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4
Q

Posterior column degeneration is seen in what

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Syphilis

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5
Q

Presence of Lewy bodies is characteristic of what

A

Parkinsonism

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6
Q

Ataxia-Telangiectasia

- how is it inherited

A

autosomal recessive

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7
Q

Ataxia-Telangiectasia clinical symptoms

A
  • cerebellar ataxia
  • oculocutaneous telangiectasias
  • repeated sinopulmonary infections
  • increased incidence of malignancy
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8
Q

What is the most common eye-related complication of congenital cytomegalovirus

A

Chorioretinitis

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9
Q

When is the highest risk of transmission of CMV during pregnancy

A

first trimester

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10
Q

What is choroidal nevus

A
  • eye freckle
  • non hereditary
  • benign pigmented area underneath the retina
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11
Q

classic triad for rubella infection

A
  1. congenital cataracts
  2. Sensory neural defect
  3. Patent ductus arteriosus
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12
Q

How do humans get Schistosomoiasis

A

freshwater sources that contain snails infected with Schistosoma larvae.

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13
Q

what do
S. Japonicum
S. Mansoni
S haematobium cause

A

S. Japonicum and S. Mansoni cause intestinal and hepatic schistosomiasis

S. haematobium causes urinary schistosomiasis (mild bilateral hydronephrosis and bladder wall thickening)

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14
Q

what is the immune response for Schistosomiasis

A

Th2-mediated granulomatous response directed against the egg

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15
Q

Bata are a major reservoir for what virus

A

rabies virus

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16
Q

What dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is the most common cause of what

A

hydatid cysts in humans

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17
Q

Infection of human tapeworm usually results in

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anemia

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18
Q

Location of S. Haematobium

A

North Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
Middle East

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19
Q

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine are strongly immunogenic in who and what response do they get

A

infancy due to B and T cell recruitment

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20
Q

Insect sting results in what type of hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type I

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21
Q

Describe the cutaneous findings consistent with a wheal

A

single lesion of urticaria ( erythematous papule or plaque with central pallor)

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22
Q

In insect sting, Antibody class switches to what

A

IgE

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23
Q

Where can lysozymes be found

A

tears
saliva
granules in neutrophils

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24
Q

function of lysozyme

A

hydrolyzing bonds in the peptidoglycan cell walls of bacterial organisms

25
who produces TNF-alpha
macrophages and mast cells
26
Function of TNF-alpha
- signal for apoptosis of tumor cells | - activation of inflammatory cell
27
MOA of Infliximab and Etanercept
humanized anti-TNF immunoglobulins | - reduce inflammation by binding TNF
28
C3b plays a role in what type of hypersensitivity
Type III
29
IL-2 is a cytokine produced by who?
Th1-lymphocytes
30
IL-2 signals for what
proliferation of increased activity of Th and TC lymphocytes, NK cells
31
role of Th1 cells
inducing macrophage and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte mediated inflammation
32
role of TH2 cells
induce humoral immunity
33
What cytokine signals for TH2 cells
IL-4
34
Which Ig crosses breast milk
IgA
35
What initiates IgM to switch to IgE
Il-4 from B-lymphocytes
36
What is the key immunoglobulin in providing immunity against bacterial toxins
IgG
37
common clinical results for Hyper-IgM syndrome
- lymphoid hyperplasia | - recurrent sinopulmonary infections
38
What can cause Hyper-IgM syndrome
- genetic absence of CD-40 ligand on T-lymphocytes | - genetic deficiency in enzymes responsible for DNA modification during isotype swtiching
39
Role of IL-10
- anti-inflammatory - immunomodulatory - inhibits Th1 cytokines - reduces MHC-II expression - suppression of activated macrophages and dendritic cells
40
Who secretes IL-10
Regulatory T cells
41
Who produces IL-1
macrophages and epithelial cells
42
Role of IL-1
- Fever - endothelium activation ( express adhesion molecules) - increased chemokine expression (promoting leukocyte recruitment)
43
Who secretes IL-5
Th2 Cells
44
role of IL-5
- promotes humoral response by stimulating B cells and increasing IgA production
45
role of IL-12
- induces differentiation of Th1 cells | - activation of NK cells
46
who secretes IL-12
macrophages
47
Who secretes Interferon-gamma
Th1
48
Who produces TNF-alpha
macrophages, NK, T cells
49
CD8+ cells recognize foreign antigens presented with what protien
MHC class I proteins
50
Each MCH class I molecule consists of what
heavy chain | Beta2- microglobulin
51
Structure of MCH Class II
alpha and beta polypeptide chaines
52
antigen presentation of MHC class I results in
apoptosis of the presenting cell
53
Antigen presentation of MHC class II results in
- activation of TH cells --> stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immune responses
54
What is cold agglutinins
antibodies specific from red blood cells that only cause agglutination, or clumping, of red cells at low temperatures
55
What illnesses cause cold agglutinins
Mycoplasma penumoniae EBC infection hematologic malignancy
56
What is the most common cause of febrile seizures
Human herpesvirus 6 (Roseola)
57
clinical presentation for Human herpesviurs 6 (roseola)
fever for 3-5 days | followed by truncal rash
58
What is the most common presentation of Cryptococcus neoformans infections
Meningoencephalitis
59
How is Cryptococcal pneumonia diagnosed
mucicarmine staining of lung tissue and bronchoalveolar washings

Uworld_sitr (42 decks)

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