Test 35: Pathology Flashcards
N-myc oncogene is seen in what
Neuroblastoma
- see increased number of n-myc
K-ras protooncogene mutation is responsible for what in colorectal cancer
increase in size of adenomatous polyps
mutation of WT-1 leads to development of what
Wilms tumor
role of p53 in colorectal cancer
malignant transformation of preexisting large adenomatous polyps
What is the clinical feature of fat embolism syndrome
- long bone and/or pelvic fracture
- acute-onset neurologic abnormalities
- hypoxemia
- petechial rash
axonal reaction
- increased protein synthesis that facilitates axon repair
- enlarged rounded cells with peripherally located nuclei
- dispersed finely granular nissel substance are seen
Irreversible neuronal injury looks like what
- shrinkage of the neuronal body
- deep eosinophilia of cytoplasm
- pyknosis of nucleus
- loss of nissl substances
A paraneoplastic syndrome of hypercoagulability may be seen in some patients with what
adenocarcinomas of pancreas, colon, or lung
Trousseau syndrome? what is it? what does it indicate?
- Superficial venous thromboses ( migratory superficial thrombophlebitis)
- indicates visceral cancer
What is mutated in congenital long QT syndrome
mutations in K+ channels
- decrease outflow K during phase 3
- prolonged action potential
how can a congenital long QT syndrome present
Torsades de pointes
syncope
seizure
sudden cardiac death
genetic defect in asymmetric hypertrophy of left ventricle occurring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- cardiac myosin-binding protein C
2. cardiac beta-myosin heavy chain gene
2 characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy
- left ventricle dilation
2. systolic dysfunction
What is key clinical finding for acute tubular necrosis
granular “muddy brown” casts
oliguria
low urine output
what part of the kidney and most likely to become impacted by acute tubular necrosis
- straight proximal tubules
- thick ascending limb of Henle’s loops located in outer medulla
Brown pigment stones are associated with what
-biliary tract infection
Black pigment stones are associated with
- chronic hemolytic anemia
- increased enterohepatic cycling of bilirubin
Fever, progressive weakness, and dyspnea
presence of vegetations on mitral valve
what do i have?
infective endocarditis
predisposing factor for infective endocarditis
valvular abnormalities and bacteremia/fungemia
- rheumatic heart disease
- mitral valve prolapse
- prosthetic valves
- congenital heart disease
Chronic valvular inflammation and scarring associated with rheumatic heart disease predispose to an increase risk of what
infective endocarditis.
vegetations caused by bacterial colonization in infective endocarditis grow on what
sterile fibrin-platelet nidus that forms damaged/disrupted endothelial surface of the valvular apparatus
Epidural hematoma occurs due to a tear of what? between what layers
meningeal artery
- bone and dura matar
clinical presentation of epidural hematoma
- “lucid interval” followed by loss of consciousness
What bone is usually impacted with epidural hematoma
temporal bone
CT for epidural hematoma
- hyperdense biconvex (lentiform) blood collection
- does not cross suture lines
Blood vessel involved with subdural hematoma
- bridging cortical veins
blood vessel involved with subarachnoid hemorrhage
Aneurysm or AV malformation of anterior and posterior communicating arteries
subdural hematoma between what layers
dura and arachnoid
between what layers subarachnoid hemorrhage
arachnoid and pia mater
Clinical manifestation of subdural hematoma
gradual onset of headache and confusion
clinical manifestation of subarachnoid hemorrhage
severe headache “worst headache of my life”
- fever and nuchal rigidity
CT scan of subarachnoid hemorrhage
blood in basal cistern
CT scan of subdural hematoma
crescent-shaped hematoma
