test 50: Pathology Flashcards
In developed countries, aortic regurgitation is most commonly caused by what
aortic root dilation
What type of syndrome is seen in Hep B
Serum sickness-like ( fever, arthralgia, rash)
What characterizes acute HBV infection
elevations in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase
characterize Gilbert Syndrome
mild unconjugated hyperbilirubin
Chronic cough and recurrent sinusitis in a young Caucasian individual should raise suspicion of what
Cystic fibrosis
In respiratory and gastric glands, impaired functioning of CFTR does what
- reduces chloride secretion from cell to mucous
- increases sodium and net water absorption
In sweat glands, abnormal CFTS causes what
- reduced chloride secretion back into cell
- increase Cl- content in sweat
Combination of acute-onset polyuria, polydipsia, volume depletion, and a fruity order in urine or breath suggests
diabetic ketoacidosis
how does the body react to diabetic ketoacidosis
- primary metabolic acidosis
- primary compensatory respiratory alkalosis
- Kussmaul respirations
Severe DKA, with low bicarb levels and no compensation in CO2 levels, has what organ failure
respiratory failure
Is there sensory loss is ALS
no
Combination of fixed segmental loss of upper extremity pain and temperature sensations, upper extremity lower motor neuron signs, and/or lower extremity upper motor neuron signs in setting of scoliosis suggests
syringomyelia
Patient with secondary amenorrhea associated with low body weight, frequent strenuous exercise, and lanugo ( fine hair indicating inadequate caloric intake) suggests
functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
Why would amenorrhea cause functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
- decrease adipose tissue stores
- decrease circulating leptin levels
- decreased leptin inhibits pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release
What is released by heart ventricles when they are stretched as they often are in CHF from systolic dysfunction
BNP
brain natriuretic peptide
role of BNP brain natruretic peptide
- vasodilation and diuresis
- activates gaunylate cyclase, increase cGMP
role of endothelin
vasoconstrict
in pulmonary venous congestion what happens
- endothelial damage
- decrease NO production
- Increase endothelin production
What are insulin, LH and androgen levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome
- insuline resistance
- increase LH
- increase androgens
patient wants to get pregnant with polycystic kidney disease, what do you give her
- Clomiphene: estrogen receptor modulator that decrease negative feedback inhibition on hypothalamus by circulating estrogen, thereby decreasing gonadotropin production
young male patient with sudden-onset unilateral chest pain, dyspnea and absent breath sounds on examination probably has
primary spontaneous pneumothroax
Most important risk factor for primary spontaneous pneumothroax
smoking
How does primary spontaneous pneumothroax occur
- no preexisting pulmonary disease
- large change in alveolar or intrapleural pressure
- break in visceral pleura ( superficial bleb)
- pleura and air trapping between pleural spaces
Small cell lung carcinoma is associated with what risk factor and where is it located
- smoking
- centrally
Immunohistochemical stains are positive for what in small cell carcinoma of lung
Chromogranin
Small cell carcinoma of lung arise from what
- primitive cells of basal layer of bronchial epithelium
What should be suspected in a patient with triad of muffled heart sounds, jugular venous distention and hypotension
cardiac tamponade
