Neurology Questions Flashcards
beta pleated sheets are joined by what kind of bonds
hydrogen bonds
each amino acid in a sequence that forms a peptide bond is joined by what kind of bond?
hydrogen
what is the bond between two cysteine residues that are really strong and make it so that proteins cannot be denatured easily
disulfide bonds
what are non small cell lung tumors that arise near the superior sulcus (by the subclavian) and can compress the brachial plexus and sympathetic cervical ganglia? the are associated with smoking
pan coast tumor
mutation in FMR1 gene leads to
fragile X syndrome
what is the autosomal dominant condition associated with lens dislocation, dilatation of the proximal aorta, long fingers, and tall stature
marfan syndrome
paternal deletion of part of chromosome 15
Prader Willi
valproate, a bipolar medicine used in pregnant women is associated with a 10-20 fold risk of what in the baby
NTD
name two folate antagonist that could cause baby to have NTD
methotrexate
TMP-SMX
what drug reduces the risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndome
bethamethasone
increased lithium use in pregnancy can cause
ebstain anomoly
neural tube closes normally at what week
4
what nerve exists the obturator canal and adducts the thigh and gives sensation to the distal medial thigh
obturator nerve (L2-L4)
gluteus medius, minimus, and tensor fascia lata do what to the thigh?
Abduct ( inn. superior gluteal nerve)
extension of the leg is done by
quadriceps femori (inn. femurs nerve)
extension of the thigh is done by?
gluteus maximus (inferior gluteal nerve)
flexion of the thigh
psoas illiacus (inn. femoral nerve) and sartorius muscles (lumbar plexus inn)
what is the autosomal dominant condition caused by cerebellar atrophy in which there is disturbed gait in the first year of life (ataxia) and recurrent sinopulmonary infections with a high risk of cancer later due to impaired DNA repair genes
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
what condition is characterized by DNA hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
what is caused by a hypersensitivity in DNA to cross link agents
Fanconi Syndrome
what occurs due to DNA mismatch repair enzymes defect and makes people susceptible to colon cancer
Hereditary non polyposis colorectal caner
anterograde axonal transport rely on
kinesin
retrograde axonal transport is done by
dynein
what maintains the shape of the RBC
spectrin
vimentin?
secures organelle inside the cytosol and provides resistance to mechanical stress
mortality rate
number of deaths per year / total popualtion
incidence
number of new cases / population at risk
prevelance
number of people with disease / total population
rate of increase of a disease
number of new cases per year - number of death per year / total population
disease specific mortality
number of deaths due to disease per year / total population
M2
heart
M1
brain
increased levels of methylmalonic acid and homocystien is seen in?
b12 deficiency and causes impaired DNA synthesis and impaired myelination
what is the condition where acute hemolytic anemia occurs in areas of oxidative stress
G6PD Deficiency
what is decreased in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
erythrocyte transketolase activity seen in thiamine deficiency (b1)
serum protoporphyrin are increased in what
lead poisoning
iron deficiency
acute dystonic reaction are due to the antagonism of what receptors
D2 in the nigrostriatal pathway
GABA receptor antagonist like Flumazenil can cause
pro-convulsant effects
Haloperidol and Fluphenazine are antipsychotics that cause what
blockage of D2 receptors causing dystonic reactions
what virus mainly causes aseptic meningitis
enterovirus
coronavirus causes what symptoms
cold
meningitis in immunocompromised patients
cryptococcus neoformans
Bethanechol is what
a cholinergic against used to stimulate peristalsis in post-operative ileus
atonic bladder is the same as
non obstructive urinary retention (treat with cholinergic drug)
what are the three indications for cholinergic agonistic drugs
atonic bladder
glaucoma
peristalsis induction
what seizures are asosicatied with jerky movements and the patient is usually young, healthy. this affects the upper extremity with preservation of consciousness
myoclonic seziures
name foru anticonvulsants
valproic acid
lamotreigene
levetiractem
topiramate
name for narrow spectrum antconvlusants
carbamazepine
phenytoin
phenobarbital
gabapentin
brand spectrum anti convulsant
valproic acid
what drug is a GABA - B agonist that can treat muscle spasticity
Baclofen
What is the alpha 2 agonist that can treat ADHD
clonidine
benzo that can treat status epilepticus
diazepam
drug that can treat tourettes syndrome
fluphenazine ( D2 antagonist)
levodopa can cause what side affects
anxiety and agitation (worsens when you add carbidopa because more dopamine is available to the brain)
adding carbidopa to l-dopa does what
makes sure that L-dopa isn’t broken down in the periphery so it can be mainly used in the brain
since dopamine drugs cause nausea what can be added to stop this nausea and increase complianec
dopa decarboxylase inhibitor
Tizanidine
like Baclofen treats spasticity ( in MS patients)
Duloxetine
NE reuptake inhibitor that treats anxiety and depression
Nortriptline?
TCA that treats neuropathic pain and MIGRANE headaches especially with patients with depression/anxiety
Sumatriptan
treats acute migrant headaches
infarct of what artery causes macular sparing?
posterior cerebral artery
what spares the macula
middle cerebral artery
tetrodotoxin (puffer fish) and saxitoxin (dinoflagellets) do what
bind tot he sodium channels and do not allow and influx of soda into he action potential so depolarization will not occur
ciguatoxin ( exotic fish Moray eel) and Batrachotoxin (South American Frog) cause
constant opening of sodium channels making it so there is continuous depolarization
what causes back pain and radiates down the leg in a L5 dermatomal fashion, which is worsened by prolonged standing and walking.
l5 radiculopathy
L5 radiculopathy presents how
weekness in:
dorm of foot
buttocks
lateral thigh and calf
dorsiflexion of the footie done by
tibialis anterior
foot eversion si done by
peroneus
toe extension is done by
extensor digitorum brevis
what syndrome is associated with contralateral hemiparesis or spastic motion and defect of CN 3 ( eye will look down and out) due to cerebral peduncle injury
Weber syndrome
if you correct hyponatremia too quickly what can happen
locked in syndrome
microaneuryms due to severe HTN seen in basal ganglia and thalamus
Charcot-Bouchard Aneurysm
cusaes of SAH
AV malformaiton
berry aneurysm
trauma
intraventricular hemorrhage happens in who
premature babies (
what three structures run through the carotid sheath
- IJV
- Carotid Artery
- Vagus Nerve
wet wacky and wobbly is associated with what
normal pressure hydrocephalus
atrophied brain tissue around ventricles that looks like hydrocephalus is
hydrocephalus ex vacuo
drug for pseudo tumor cerebri
azcetozolamide
rapid iv anesthetic that has a high triglyceride content
Propofol
PCP analogue that causes dissociative anesthesia
ketamine
what drugs treat Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
Barbs
Crigler- Najjar Syndrome
when the liver won’t make enzymes that are needed to break down billirubin
how to treat BENZO overdose
Flumazenil
mu agonist (opiod)
endorphin
delta against (opioid)
enkephalon
kappa agonist (opioid)
dynorphin
use of loperamide (opiod)
diarhea
use of tramadol (opiod)
no addicitve
use of dextromethorphan (opiod)
cough suppressant
use of butorphanol (opiod)
deceases respiratory depression
what gene mutation is associated with Malignant hyperthermi
RYR1
HOW DO LOCAL ANESTHETICS WORK
block sodium channels
name three local anesthetics
Procaine
Lidocaine
Cocaine
