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A&PII > test review sheet #5 > Flashcards

test review sheet #5 Flashcards

1
Q

what glands produces semen?

A

seminal, prostate and bulbo urethra

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2
Q

seminal glands

A

60% of semen, has fructose to nourish the sperm and increase sperm motility

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3
Q

prostate gland

A

activates the sperm. 30% of semen. has a clotting protein so it is secreted into the vagina in a clump and releases something to break down the clump

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4
Q

bulbo urethra gland

A

10%. produces a clear thick mucous that helps to neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and acts as a lubricant.

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5
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules of the testes

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6
Q

where does sperm mature?

A

epidymis of the testes.

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7
Q

Which cells secrete testosterone?

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig

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8
Q

what do the Interstitial cells of Leydig do?

A

These cells produce androgens, most importantly testosterone and small amounts of estrogen

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9
Q

Testosterone is necessary for

A

the maturation of the sperm along with the reproductive organs of the male

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10
Q

Spermatic cord and what makes it up

A

A connective tissue sheath encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics and ductus deferens

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11
Q

Route sperm take when leaving the testes

A

Seminiferous tubules, rete testes, efferent ductules, epidymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct.

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12
Q

route sperm take after entering the vagina

A

through the cervix, into the uterus and into the uterine canal.

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13
Q

Name the three parts of the urethra?

A

Prostatic, membranous, spongey

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14
Q

Which part of the urethra is the longest?

A

spongy urethra

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15
Q

what is erection?

A

Erection is the engorgement of the penis and allows the penis to enter the vagina. And is under parasympathetic control.

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16
Q

what is Ejaculation?

A

Ejaculation is how semen is transferred into the female and is under sympathetic control.

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17
Q

what is emission?

A

Emission is semen goes into the ejaculatory duct

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18
Q

what is the order of sexual arousal to completion in males

A

erection, emission, ejaculation

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19
Q

What controls the onset of puberty in males

A

The sensitivity of they hypothalamus to androgens

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20
Q

what is an androgen?

A

An androgen is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone that regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors

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21
Q

Role of ligaments in females

A

ligaments keep the organs in place

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22
Q

number of eggs ovulated in a woman’s lifespan

A

400

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23
Q

nubers of oocytes from birth through life

A

At birth a female is presumed to have her lifetime supply of oocytes. Of the original 7 million, 2 million escape programmed death and by puberty 400,000 remain.

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24
Q

Life cycle of oocytes

A

We are born with all our eggs, then they start to die, when you have ovulation you release the secondary oocyte. The oocyte doesn’t complete it’s division until it is fertilized by the sperm.

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25
Q

What is ovulation

A

Blister-like effect of a follicle and the second oocyte is released.

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26
Q

Role of corpus luteum

A

When pregnant there’s a gland that will secrete estrogen and progesterone and helps maintain the uterun lining. If you are not pregnant it will disintegrate and break down it becomes the corpus albicans which can last for months or years

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27
Q

What does the corpus luteum supply?

A

The corpus luteum supplies the high levels of progesterone and estrogens that characterize the luteal phase.

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28
Q

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum does what?

A

starts degenerating after about 10 days and its hormonal output ends.

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29
Q

if the oocyte is fertilized and pregnancy ensues, what does the the corpus luteum do?

A

persists until the placenta is ready to take over its hormone-producing duties in about three months.

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30
Q

what are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A

Endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium

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31
Q

What part of the uterine lining gets sloughes off each month?

A

endometrium

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32
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

maintaining uterine linings. When prog levels plummet and the spiral arteries contract and when they contract then they aren’t giving blood to the cells there and that’s what comes off.

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33
Q

What are Mammary glands?

A

Modified sweat glands that produce milk.

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34
Q

What hormone stimulates the mammary gland to produce milk?

A

prolactin.

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35
Q

How long is mensruation and when is ovulation?

A

Menstrual cycle is 28 days and ovulation is day 14

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36
Q

What happens during follicular vs. luteal phase

A

Follicular phase means the follicle is maturing. Luteal phase is what’s happening to the corpus luteum. If pregnant it’s secreting hormones of pregnancy if not pregnant then it degrades.

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37
Q

The phases in order are:

A

follicular, ovulation and luteal.

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38
Q

Role of FSH in males and females?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone is a Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovarian follicle production in females and sperm production in males.

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39
Q

The reason why the testes are suspended in the scrotum is

A

to provide for a cooler temperature

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40
Q

The usual site of fertilization is:

A

uterine tube

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41
Q

Which cell type is actually ovulated from the ovary?

A

secondary oocyte

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42
Q

Within the ovary, progesterone is produced by the

A

corpus luteum

43
Q

The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers

A

ovulation

44
Q

The organ that makes estrogen and progesterone is the:

A

ovary

45
Q

Under which uterine phase does the functional layer of the endometrium start to rebuild?

A

proliferative

46
Q

Which is the MOST correct sequence of sperm flow in the male duct system?

A

seminiferous tubules > epididymis > vas deferens > ampulla > ejaculatory duct > urethra

47
Q

The sperm’s acrosome

A

contains enzymes

48
Q

The primary sex organ of the male is the

A

testis

49
Q

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that

A

in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced

50
Q

These cells located in between seminiferous tubules produce testosterone:

A

interstitial

51
Q

In response to parasympathetic stimulation

A

blood flow increases to the penis

52
Q

The uterine layer which is shed with each monthly cycle is

A

the functional layer of endometrium

53
Q

role of LH in males and females?

A

LH in females is responsible for ovulation. LH and FSH are needed in men for testosterone secretion. In females for estrogen secretion

54
Q

What are hormones level like in women when menstruation occurs?

A

There are low levels of estrogen and progesterone

55
Q

What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

A

Hormone of pregnancy. This is secreted from the embryo. This is what pregnancy test is testing.

56
Q

How long do spermatozoa live in female tract:

A

72 hours

57
Q

What is the most common second messenger?

A

Cyclic AMP - cAMP

58
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

water soluble and lipid soluble hormones

59
Q

which type of hormones are typically amino acid derived?

A

water soluble.

60
Q

which kind of hormone don’t go through the cell easily and need a target cell

A

water soluble

61
Q

which type of hormones goes quickly and creates a cascade effect

A

water soluble.

62
Q

which type of hormone are generally steroids?

A

lipid soluble

63
Q

Which type of hormones need a carrier?

A

lipid soluble

64
Q

what type of hormone has the receptor inside the cell, specifically on the DNA

A

lipid soluble

65
Q

what type of hormone can easily go through the cell membrane

A

lipid soluble

66
Q

which hormones can either turns on or off the DNA

A

Lipid soluble

67
Q

which hormones influence protein synthesis

A

lipid soluble

68
Q

which hormone reaction can take hours to days?

A

lipid soluble

69
Q

up regulation

A

In up regulation there is an increase in the number of receptors for the hormone

70
Q

down regulation

A

In down regulation there is a decrease in the number of receptors.

71
Q

In second messenger system what is the hormone considered.

A

the hormone is considered the first messenger.

72
Q

What is the most common second messenger system?

A

Cyclic AMP

73
Q

For second messenger system we almost always activate a protein called ______ .

A

protein kinase

74
Q

Hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary through a

A

nerve tract

75
Q

What two hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin

76
Q

The relationship between hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is a

A

portal system

77
Q

Portal system is

A

two capillary beds in series without a pump in between

78
Q

Hormones releases from Anterior pituitary are things like growth hormone, LH, FSH, GH, ACTH, Prolactin,

A

True

79
Q

What does ADH from the posterior pituitary do?

A

ADH increases the water reabsorption back into the blood.

80
Q

What does oxytocin from the posterior pituitary do?

A

Oxytocin creates uterine smooth muscle contractions.

81
Q

What is the role of growth hormone?

A

Growth of muscle mass and growth of bone. One of our glucose sparing hormones. Glucose sparing means we use something besides glucose as an energy source, usually lipids

82
Q

The chemical classification of hormones does not include

A

glucose-containing hormones

83
Q

The adrenal gland produces the following hormones except

A

renin

84
Q

The hypothalamus directly controls the secretions of the

A

pituitary gland

85
Q

Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?

A

iodine

86
Q

______ is a steroid hormone.

A

testosterone

87
Q

The metabolic rate of all body tissues is controlled by

A

TH

88
Q

The stimulus for producing insulin is

A

high blood glucose levels

89
Q

Which hormone is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH

90
Q

The action of hormones on living cells does not include

A

maintain the structure of the plasma membrane

91
Q

The growth-promoting functions of GH do NOT include

A

increasing the rate of glucose uptake

92
Q

Which of the following organs do not have a known endocrine function?

A

spleen

93
Q

The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of

A

steroid hormones

94
Q

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of

A

humoral stimuli

95
Q

Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by

A

binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex

96
Q

What is the life span of most hormones?

A

0 - 30 minutes

97
Q

Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the

A

epinephrine

98
Q

If your increasing muscle mass you are increasing the rate of

A

protein synthesis because things are growing

99
Q

growth hormone will allow you to use something else besides an glucose as an energy source usually lipids, what does it allow us to do?

A

increase bones and muscle mass

100
Q

The parafollicular cells, another population of endocrine cells in the thyroid gland, produce

A

calcitonin.

101
Q

Hormone released by the thyroid. Lowers blood calcium levels only when present at high (therapeutic) levels.

A

what is calcitonin

102
Q

what is the body’s major metabolic hormone

A

Thyroid hormone

103
Q

The adrenal cortex synthesizes well over two dozen steroid hormones, collectively called

A

corticosteroids

104
Q

The large, lipid-laden cortical cells are arranged in three layers or zones (Figure 16.13). From the outside in, they are

A

Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis

A&PII (17 decks)

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