test review sheet #5 Flashcards by Carrie Will

what glands produces semen?

seminal, prostate and bulbo urethra

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seminal glands

60% of semen, has fructose to nourish the sperm and increase sperm motility

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prostate gland

activates the sperm. 30% of semen. has a clotting protein so it is secreted into the vagina in a clump and releases something to break down the clump

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bulbo urethra gland

10%. produces a clear thick mucous that helps to neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and acts as a lubricant.

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where does spermatogenesis occur?

seminiferous tubules of the testes

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where does sperm mature?

epidymis of the testes.

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Which cells secrete testosterone?

Interstitial cells of Leydig

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what do the Interstitial cells of Leydig do?

These cells produce androgens, most importantly testosterone and small amounts of estrogen

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Testosterone is necessary for

the maturation of the sperm along with the reproductive organs of the male

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Spermatic cord and what makes it up

A connective tissue sheath encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics and ductus deferens

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Route sperm take when leaving the testes

Seminiferous tubules, rete testes, efferent ductules, epidymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct.

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route sperm take after entering the vagina

through the cervix, into the uterus and into the uterine canal.

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Name the three parts of the urethra?

Prostatic, membranous, spongey

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Which part of the urethra is the longest?

spongy urethra

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what is erection?

Erection is the engorgement of the penis and allows the penis to enter the vagina. And is under parasympathetic control.

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what is Ejaculation?

Ejaculation is how semen is transferred into the female and is under sympathetic control.

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what is emission?

Emission is semen goes into the ejaculatory duct

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what is the order of sexual arousal to completion in males

erection, emission, ejaculation

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What controls the onset of puberty in males

The sensitivity of they hypothalamus to androgens

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what is an androgen?

An androgen is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone that regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors

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Role of ligaments in females

ligaments keep the organs in place

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number of eggs ovulated in a woman’s lifespan

400

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nubers of oocytes from birth through life

At birth a female is presumed to have her lifetime supply of oocytes. Of the original 7 million, 2 million escape programmed death and by puberty 400,000 remain.

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Life cycle of oocytes

We are born with all our eggs, then they start to die, when you have ovulation you release the secondary oocyte. The oocyte doesn’t complete it’s division until it is fertilized by the sperm.

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What is ovulation

Blister-like effect of a follicle and the second oocyte is released.

Role of corpus luteum

When pregnant there’s a gland that will secrete estrogen and progesterone and helps maintain the uterun lining. If you are not pregnant it will disintegrate and break down it becomes the corpus albicans which can last for months or years

What does the corpus luteum supply?

The corpus luteum supplies the high levels of progesterone and estrogens that characterize the luteal phase.

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum does what?

starts degenerating after about 10 days and its hormonal output ends.

if the oocyte is fertilized and pregnancy ensues, what does the the corpus luteum do?

persists until the placenta is ready to take over its hormone-producing duties in about three months.

what are the three layers of the uterine wall?

Endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium

What part of the uterine lining gets sloughes off each month?

endometrium

what does progesterone do?

maintaining uterine linings. When prog levels plummet and the spiral arteries contract and when they contract then they aren’t giving blood to the cells there and that’s what comes off.

What are Mammary glands?

Modified sweat glands that produce milk.

What hormone stimulates the mammary gland to produce milk?

prolactin.

How long is mensruation and when is ovulation?

Menstrual cycle is 28 days and ovulation is day 14

What happens during follicular vs. luteal phase

Follicular phase means the follicle is maturing. Luteal phase is what’s happening to the corpus luteum. If pregnant it’s secreting hormones of pregnancy if not pregnant then it degrades.

The phases in order are:

follicular, ovulation and luteal.

Role of FSH in males and females?

Follicle stimulating hormone is a Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovarian follicle production in females and sperm production in males.

The reason why the testes are suspended in the scrotum is

to provide for a cooler temperature

The usual site of fertilization is:

uterine tube

Which cell type is actually ovulated from the ovary?

secondary oocyte

Within the ovary, progesterone is produced by the

corpus luteum

The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers

ovulation

The organ that makes estrogen and progesterone is the:

ovary

Under which uterine phase does the functional layer of the endometrium start to rebuild?

proliferative

Which is the MOST correct sequence of sperm flow in the male duct system?

seminiferous tubules > epididymis > vas deferens > ampulla > ejaculatory duct > urethra

The sperms acrosome

contains enzymes

The primary sex organ of the male is the

testis

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that

in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced

These cells located in between seminiferous tubules produce testosterone:

interstitial

In response to parasympathetic stimulation

blood flow increases to the penis

The uterine layer which is shed with each monthly cycle is

the functional layer of endometrium

role of LH in males and females?

LH in females is responsible for ovulation. LH and FSH are needed in men for testosterone secretion. In females for estrogen secretion

What are hormones level like in women when menstruation occurs?

There are low levels of estrogen and progesterone

What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

Hormone of pregnancy. This is secreted from the embryo. This is what pregnancy test is testing.

How long do spermatozoa live in female tract:

72 hours

What is the most common second messenger?

Cyclic AMP - cAMP

What are the two types of hormones?

water soluble and lipid soluble hormones

which type of hormones are typically amino acid derived?

water soluble.

which kind of hormone don't go through the cell easily and need a target cell

water soluble

which type of hormones goes quickly and creates a cascade effect

water soluble.

which type of hormone are generally steroids?

lipid soluble

Which type of hormones need a carrier?

lipid soluble

what type of hormone has the receptor inside the cell, specifically on the DNA

lipid soluble

what type of hormone can easily go through the cell membrane

lipid soluble

which hormones can either turns on or off the DNA

Lipid soluble

which hormones influence protein synthesis

lipid soluble

which hormone reaction can take hours to days?

lipid soluble

up regulation

In up regulation there is an increase in the number of receptors for the hormone

down regulation

In down regulation there is a decrease in the number of receptors.

In second messenger system what is the hormone considered.

the hormone is considered the first messenger.

What is the most common second messenger system?

Cyclic AMP

For second messenger system we almost always activate a protein called ______ .

protein kinase

Hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary through a

nerve tract

What two hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary?

ADH and oxytocin

The relationship between hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is a

portal system

Portal system is

two capillary beds in series without a pump in between

Hormones releases from Anterior pituitary are things like growth hormone, LH, FSH, GH, ACTH, Prolactin,

True

What does ADH from the posterior pituitary do?

ADH increases the water reabsorption back into the blood.

What does oxytocin from the posterior pituitary do?

Oxytocin creates uterine smooth muscle contractions.

What is the role of growth hormone?

Growth of muscle mass and growth of bone. One of our glucose sparing hormones. Glucose sparing means we use something besides glucose as an energy source, usually lipids

The chemical classification of hormones does not include

glucose-containing hormones

The adrenal gland produces the following hormones except

renin

The hypothalamus directly controls the secretions of the

pituitary gland

Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?

iodine

______ is a steroid hormone.

testosterone

The metabolic rate of all body tissues is controlled by

The stimulus for producing insulin is

high blood glucose levels

Which hormone is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

ADH

The action of hormones on living cells does not include

maintain the structure of the plasma membrane

The growth-promoting functions of GH do NOT include

increasing the rate of glucose uptake

Which of the following organs do not have a known endocrine function?

spleen

The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of

steroid hormones

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of

humoral stimuli

Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by

binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex

What is the life span of most hormones?

0 - 30 minutes

Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the

epinephrine

If your increasing muscle mass you are increasing the rate of

protein synthesis because things are growing

growth hormone will allow you to use something else besides an glucose as an energy source usually lipids, what does it allow us to do?

increase bones and muscle mass

The parafollicular cells, another population of endocrine cells in the thyroid gland, produce

calcitonin.

Hormone released by the thyroid. Lowers blood calcium levels only when present at high (therapeutic) levels.

what is calcitonin

what is the body’s major metabolic hormone

Thyroid hormone

The adrenal cortex synthesizes well over two dozen steroid hormones, collectively called

corticosteroids

The large, lipid-laden cortical cells are arranged in three layers or zones (Figure 16.13). From the outside in, they are

Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis