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A&PII > Test 4 review sheet > Flashcards

Test 4 review sheet Flashcards

1
Q

difference betwen a cortical nephron and juxtamedullary nephron

A

cortical has shorter loop of henley. Juxtamedullary has a longer one which allows for more production of concentrated urine.

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2
Q

What makes up the filtration membrane

A
  1. simple squamous epithelial cells of the capillaries of the glomerulus 2. basement membrane 3. podocytes
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3
Q

Which pressure forces fluid out of the glomerulus

A

hydrostatic pressure

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4
Q

which pressure forces fluid IN the glomerulus

A

blood colloidal osmotic pressure AND the hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space

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5
Q

what is a counter current?

A

fluid moving in parallel tubes in opposite direction with exchange between the tubes

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6
Q

where would you find a counter current?

A

Loop of henley and vasa recta

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7
Q

why is loop of henley called a counter current multiplier?

A

Because it uses active transport to reabsorb sodium and chloride

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8
Q

What would happen if you constrict the afferent artery into the glomerulus?

A

Less blood flow, less pressure and less GFR

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9
Q

What would happen if you dilate the afferent artery into the glomerulus?

A

More blood flow, increase blood pressure and more GFR

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10
Q

What would happen if you constrict the efferent artery into the glomerulus?

A

Higher blood pressure and higher GFR because the blood back up.

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11
Q

What would happen if you dilate the efferent artery into the glomerulus?

A

less blood pressure and less GFR because the blood can pass more easily.

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12
Q

There is a direct relationship between blood hydrostatic pressure and

A

GFR - Glomerular filtration rate

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13
Q

If you increase blood pressure you will increase

A

GFR

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14
Q

If you increase blood pressure you will increase _________ and make more ________

A

GFR, Filtrate

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15
Q

Which arteriole has a larger lumen?

A

afferent.

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16
Q

Why does efferent artery have a smaller lumen?

A

to keep blood pressure in the glomerulus high so more GFR can occur

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17
Q

Why does blood pressure in the glomerulus need to be high

A

so more GFR and more filtrate can happen

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18
Q

What binds to water channels that line the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct and will increase the number of open water channels

A

ADH - antidiarretic hormone

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19
Q

increased water channels will do what?

A

increase water reabsorption back into the blood

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20
Q

what will increase open water channels, decrease the osmolarity, increase blood volume and allow you to make small amounts of concentrated urine?

A

ADH

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21
Q

ADH and Aldosterone will both cause the body to make

A

small volumes of concentrated urine because you reabsorbed the salt so you make less sodium.

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22
Q

ADH is secreted from the

A

posterior pituitary gland

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23
Q

They hypothalamus causes the posterior pituitary gland to increase the release of

A

ADH

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24
Q

ADH will be released when there is ______ ________ in the extracellular fluid

A

high osmolarity

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25
Q

ADH is a _______ that works fast

A

protein

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26
Q

Secretion of ADH is controlled by what two types of receptors?

A

osmoreceptors and baroreceptors

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27
Q

aldosterone is secreted from the

A

adrenal cortex

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28
Q

aldosterone is secreted when

A

there is low extracellular sodium and high extracellular potassium.

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29
Q

Aldosterone travels to the kidneys it is a

A

steroid hormone or lipid

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30
Q

what does adlosterone do

A

increases the number sodium or chloride transport proteins.

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31
Q

normally there is high _____ inside the cell and high________ outside the cell

A

potassium, sodium

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32
Q

What causes more water reabsorption back into the blood when osmolarity is sensed by the hypothalumus?

A

ADH

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33
Q

Why will ADH cause you to make small volumes of urine?

A

because ADH promotes reabsorption of water back into the blood.

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34
Q

Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal cortex in response to

A

low extracellular sodium and high extracellular potassium

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35
Q

Aldosterone travels to the kidneys to increase the number of

A

sodium and chloride transport proteins

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36
Q

aldosterone will help increase the absorption of what?

A

sodium and chloride which will bring more water. water follows sodium. Blood volume will increase

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37
Q

To remove the excess potassium in the extracellular fluid, aldosterone will

A

secrete it right into the urine bypasses filtration.

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38
Q

aldosterone and ADH will both cause the body to produce

A

small volumes of concentrated urine because you have reabsorbed the salt and water so you make less sodium.

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39
Q

When would there typically be low extracellular sodium

A

trauma or injury to the cells

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40
Q

low blood flow and low blood pressure will trigger the glumerular cells to secrete _____

A

renin.

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41
Q

What will change angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1?

A

Renin

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42
Q

Are angiotensinogen and angiotensin 1 active or inactive?

A

inactive

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43
Q

How does angiotensin 1 make angiotensin 2

A

travels to the lungs where it is cut into angio2 by ACE.

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44
Q

is angiotensin 2 active or inactive?

A

active

45
Q

angiotensin 2 is a potent

A

vasoconstrictor

46
Q

angiotensin 2 will increase _____ which will increase _______which will increase _______ and increase _________ and make__________

A

blood pressure, aldosterone production, sodium and chloride reabsoption, blood volume, small amounts of urine.

47
Q

low blood pressure and low blood volume will also stimulate sympathetic nervous system which will increase

A

vasocontriction.

48
Q

What will not happen during sympathetic stimulation

A

urine production because you need to reabsorb the water to increase your blood volume

49
Q

renin leads to what very important thing from the lungs?

A

angiotensin 2

50
Q

angiotensin 2 will increase aldosterone production

A

true

51
Q

aldosterone will increase

A

sodium and chloride reabsorption, water follows and increase blood volume and you will make small volumes of concentrated urine. these things will raise the blood pressure and blood volume

52
Q

to raise the blood pressure and blood volume you need

A

aldosterone.

53
Q

if your arm is in a chipper will you make urine?

A

NO

54
Q

What happens when you exceed the tubular maximum?

A

The excess appears in your urine

55
Q

control of micturition

A

stretch of the bladder. For control there are both internal and external urethral sphincters

56
Q

internal urethral sphincter is

A

smooth muschle and involuntarily controled

57
Q

external urethral sphincter is

A

skeletal muscle and voluntary controle.

58
Q

both urethral sphincters need to ______ inorder to void bladder

A

relax

59
Q

kidneys are retroperitoneal which means they are

A

out of the peritoneal cavity along the body wall.

60
Q

blood pressure is higher in the ____, why?

A

glomerulus because of the anatomy of the smaller efferent artery.

61
Q

between the glomerulus, the vasa recta, the efferent, afferent and peritubular capillaries, which has the highest blood pressure?

A

glomerulus. Because of the anatomy.

62
Q

what happens in the glomerulus

A

filtration

63
Q

what happens in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

reabsorption of everything.

64
Q

what happens in the descending loop of Henley?

A

reabsorption of mostly water

65
Q

what happens in the ascending loop of henley

A

reabsorption of sodium and chloride - NEVER WATER!

66
Q

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

A

additional reabsorption of sodium chloride and water under hormonal control!

67
Q

What is the effect on reabsorption at the proximal convoluted tubule when ADH is present?

A

No effect. ADH only effect the distal convoluted tubule.

68
Q

What is the effect on water reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule when ADH is present?

A

Water reabsorption will go up.

69
Q

Hormones only work in the

A

last part of the nephron

70
Q

blood osmolarity

A

= 300

71
Q

filtrate osmolarity

A

300

72
Q

in the proximal convoluted tubule the osmolarity remains

A

300

73
Q

the descending limb of the loop of henly reabsorps water so when it gets to the tip the osmolarity is

A

highest it will ever be - 1200

74
Q

the osmolarity towards the distal convoluted tubule is the

A

lowest it will ever be

100 because the ascending limb reabsorbs sodium and chloride

75
Q

if no hormones were present and you were to void when the fluid is around the DCT you have have

A

large volumes of dilute urine

76
Q

more hormone gives you more

A

effect

77
Q

if you have ADH and Aldosterone present you will increase

A

water and salt reabsorption so your osmolarity can be as high as 1200.

78
Q

what substances shouldn’t be in your urine

A

RBC, WBC and large proteins and glucose

79
Q

why should there be no RBC, WBC or large proteins in your urine?

A

too large to fit across the filtration membrane

80
Q

why should you not have glucose?

A

because all of your glucose should be reabsorbed.

81
Q

things that are in your urine?

A

water with lots of small things, electrolytes along with waste products like urea

82
Q

blood pressure is directly related to

A

GFR

83
Q

the glomerulus has the highest blood pressure in the nephron

A

true

84
Q

when you have an increase in hormones, overall you will have less urine and more

A

water reabsorption back into the blood.

85
Q

what is the major hormone that regulates potassium

A

aldosterone!

86
Q

what is the difference between extracellular and intracellular fluid?

A

extracellular has more sodium, intracellular has more potassium.

87
Q

sensible perspiration

A

sweat

88
Q

insensible perspiration

A

water loss from lungs and skin that you don’t feel or sense.

89
Q

PH is the measure of

A

concentration of free hydrogen ions on a scale 0-14

90
Q

As you increase free hydrogen you

A

lower the PH

91
Q

what is a neutral PH

A

7

92
Q

less than 7 on the PH scale is

A

acidic

93
Q

greater than 7 on the PH scale is

A

basic

94
Q

An acid will increase concentration of

A

free hydrogen

95
Q

base will decrease the concentration of

A

free hydrogen.

96
Q

buffer system is

A

a weak acid and a weak base working together

97
Q

What is acidosis?

A

PH is less than 7.35

98
Q

What is alkalosis

A

PH is greater than 7.45

99
Q

In metabolic acidosis you have a

A

low PH and lots of free hydrogen

100
Q

in metabolic alkalosis you have a

A

high PH and low free hydrogen

101
Q

how do you fix metabolic acidosis and alkalosis?

A

chemical buffer systems

102
Q

what does the respiratory system do about metabolic acidosis

A

increase in respiratory rate to have less Co2, less free hydrogen and PH goes up

103
Q

what does the respiratory system do about metabolic alkalosis

A

decreased respiratory rate which raises co2 and free hydrogen and will lower the PH

104
Q

what does the urinary system do about metabolic acidosis

A

increase hydrogen secretion into the urine, increase bicarbonate reabsorption back into the blood

105
Q

what does the urinary system do about metabolic alkalosis

A

increase hydrogen reabsorption and increase bicarbonate secretion.

106
Q

If you have metabolic acidosis or alkalosis you can have any buffer system working (resp, urinary) BUT if the problem is in the lungs only the urinary buffer system will be able to help

A

TRUE

107
Q

3 major buffer systems in the urine

A

bicarbonate, phosphate and ammonia

108
Q

if you have hypo ventilation or low respiratory rate you have

A

have a low respiratory rate you have more Co2, more free hydrogen and a lower PH

109
Q

If you have Hyperventilation

A

respiration rate goes up you have less co2, less free hydrogen and PH goes up.

A&PII (17 decks)

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