respiratory system Flashcards
respiratory system works with cardiovascular system, urinary system to ______________
regulate PH
ventilation vs. respiration
ventilation is bringing air in or out of body. respiration is the gas exchange.
two different zones of respiratory system
conducting zone and respiratory zone
conduction zone is
just the movement, no exchange
respiratory zone
where there will be gas exchange
most of the system are the
lungs, thoracic cavity.
pharynx
passage for food and air
the nose does what
smells, brings air in and out, hairs that filter.
sinuses are filled with air to help
lighten the nasal bones
external nares
nostrils
internal nares
posterior nasal aperture
pharynx has three parts
nasopharynx, oral pharynx and laryngopharynx
epiglotus
helps direct food and air
Oropharynx
is lined with stratified squamous epithelium to protect the underlining cells from abrasion
hyoid bone
the only bone that does not articulate to anythother bone.
thyroid cartiledge
adams apple
corniculate cartiledge and arytenoid cartiledge (always on a lab quiz)
small like a piece of corn, underneath
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breathing through the nose?
recovering heat and moisture from the air leaving the nasal cavity
the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae
heating and moistening the air entering the nasal cavity
filtration of the air entering the nasal cavity
the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae
most of the cartilage in the respiratory system is hylene cartilage except for
epiglottis is made of elastic cartilage. because it needs to move a lot.
trachea has c shaped cartilage preventing
c shaped cartiledge rings preventing the trachea from closing.
trachea is lined with
pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar. cilia helps move mucus up and out.
as you move down the bronchial tree there is less and less cartilage and more
smooth muscle
right primary bronchus is
a little wider
left lung is smaller than the right lung because
the heart is on that side and creates the cardiac notch
left lung has 2 lobes
superior and inferior, seperated by the oblique fissure
right lobe of lung has 3 lobes
superior, middle, inferior, seperated by the oblique fissure and the horizontal fissure
3 types of bronchus
main, primary, lobar, secondary, tertiary or segmental
bronchioles
no longer is there cartilage. they can completely close off
types of bronchioles
terminal, respiratory
aviolar ducts open up to
aviolar sac.
what the last part of the conducting zone
respiratory bronchioles
where does gas exchange happen
aveoli
what type of cells make up and individual alveolis
simple squamous epithelial cells
lungs are highly
vascularized
type 1 alveolar
squamous cells
type 2 alveolar cells
cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant
where there is gas exchange its called the
respiratory membrane
2 thinnest cells in the body
respiratory membrane, simple squamous cells of the alvelor, simple squamous of the capillary and the base membrane all together.
alveoli
the primary site for gas exchange and structural and functional unit of the lungs. there are over 300 million alveoli in the lungs
each lobe is divided into
lobules
each lobule has it’s own
blood and air supply
bronchial arteries and veins
these blood vessels provide oxygenated nutrient rich blood to the lungs tissue itself
pleurae
Two layers of serous membrane that line the thoracic cavity and cover the external surface of the lung.
what is the role of the pleural fluid?
it is a serous fluid so it’s a lubricant.
each lobule is about the size of
a pencil erasure
2 forces that naturally cause the lungs to collpase
elastic recoil - has to do with the elastic fibers wrapped around the outside of the alveoli.
high surface tension inside the lung
2 forces that prevent the collapse of lungs naturally
negative intra pleural pressure, presence of surfactant from the type two cuboidal cells
high surface tension is due to
the high surface tension of the water in the lungs
surfactant
phosolipid and it lowers the surface tension by 40x to prevent the collapse of the lungs.
elastic recoil
there is an actual negative pressure between the body wall and the lungs
premature babies have the lung pressure but don’t have
surfactant because they develop at the end of the third trimester
a number of -4 intraplueral pressure is really
760
intrapulmonary pressure
the pressure inside the lungs or within the alveoli and again is give the value of 0 mmHg
intrapleural pressure
space between lungs and body wall
1mm of mercury difference is needed
for air to flow in or out
your lung volume is 5-6 liters
when you are at rest you are only half a liter.
in respiratry system resistance is
pretty constant. resistance doesn’t change, it’s constant. P1-P2
pressure is inversely related to
volume. increase the volume, decrease the pressure. The change in volume allows for the change in volume.
inspiration is consider a _______, expiratin is considered_________
active process, passive process
as you down the respiratory tree there will be less and less
resistance
lung compliance
change in volume over pressure. Naturally lungs have a high compliance. Is is more difficult to breath when compliance is low
what is the lung compliance like in a person with emphizema?
low compliance
tidal volume
how much air comes in and out with one breath - 500ml
inspiratory reserve volume
biggest breath in
expiratory reserve volume
biggest breath out
residual volume
the breath that is always left in your lungs.
Why is there always a residual volume or not completely empty in the lungs?
by leaving some air in, it is easier to refill. It also helps there be a constant gas exchange.
Dead air space
air in the conducting respiratory passageway that never makes it to gas exchange is antatomical dead space. If an alveolar ceases to act in gas exchange the alveolar dead space is added to anotomical.
anatomical dead air space
the air from the conducting zone that doesn’t make it’s way to gas exchange
alveoli dead air space
when there is a non functional alveoli this dead air that isn’t contributing to gas exchange get aded to the anatomical total
when someone is snorkeling they are
increases anatomical dead air space
alveolar ventilation rate
=breaths/min x (TV-dead air space) 20x350. not all the air you take in actually gets down to your lungs
Dalton’s law
if you have a mixture of gases then each gas exerts it’s own pressure. Po2 partial pressure of oxygen.
What is the percentage of the specific gas within the mix of gases
Dalton’s law
What the other major gas that we breath in
nitogen 79% - 21% oxygen.
as we increase our elevation our oxygen content goes
down
Henry’s law
CO2 is 20 times more soluble in water than oxygen.
amount of oxygen in arterial blood vs venous blood, which has more
arteriol
amount of oxygen in inspired or expired air
inspired
amount of oxygen in expired air amount of o2 in alveoli
expired, this is due to dead air space. that’s why CPR works
blood leaving tissue and going to lungs has an oxygen or PO2 of
40
small changes in respiration has to do with the
CO2
put in the right order from high to low oxygen
inspired, expired, aeveolar, pul veins, systemic arteries, cells tisues, sustemic veins, pul.
in and ideal situation each alveola has plenty of ventilation. when there is an obstruction, what happens
our bodies create less blood flow.
What will happen to gas exchange in the presence of pulmonary edema
less gas exchange
concentration gradient
P1-P2
How are these gases transported
most of the oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin, 2% is directly disolved in the plasma.
how many oxygen does each hemoglobin carry?
4
when hemoglobin is at full saturation of oxygen it carries how many oxygen
4 oxygens.
how many of the hemoglobin do you need at rest
1 oxygen
why is there 3 left over?
incase you need it while your exercising or fight or flight
when the graph moves to the right
the homoglobin gives off less saturation.
70% of carbon dioxide is carried by, 20% is bound, 10% is to
bicarbonate, proteins, dissolved
water plus co2 forms carbonic acid
carbonic acid which breaks down to free hydrogen and bicarbonate. This process is reversible.
more Co2 will bind to water to create carbonic acid which will
lower the PH
inspiratory center is comprable to
the SA node with spontaneous
expiratory center
only plays a role during heavy labored breathing.
when the expiratory center is active it
inhibits the inspiratory center.
pneumotaxic center
a neural center in the upper part of the pons that provides inhibitory impulses on inspiration and thereby prevents overdistension of the lungs and helps to maintain alternately recurrent inspiration and expiration.
inspiration when pneomatoxic center is active the respiration is
longer
stretch receptors in our lungs that prevent us from
over inflating
chemoreceptors will
increase respiratory rates, they only sense CO2 because that will effect the PH
Small changes in CO2 levels
cause dramatic changes in respiratory rate.)
arterial blood levels need to fall below 60mm
before there is a change in the brain
Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen’s attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?
partial pressure of oxygen
The palatine tonsils are found in which of the following regions?
oropharynx
The separation between the upper and lower respiratory system occurs at the
larynx
Which of the following is an organ shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system?
pharynx
The adenoids normally destroy pathogens because they contain
lymphocytes
Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?
frontal
ethmoid
temporal
maxillary
temporal
What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?
epiglottis
Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors vocal cords?
arytenoid cartilage
Which of these structures forms a complete ring around the airway?
cricoid cartilage
What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?
simple squamous epithelium
In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job?
type II alveolar cells which secrete surfactant
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia. T or F?
True
Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle’s law?
The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.
Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?
diaphragm and external intercostals
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?
intrapleural pressure
pneumothorax
The presence of air in the pleural cavity is referred to as a pneumothorax (nu″mo-tho′raks; “air thorax”), and is reversed by drawing air out of the intrapleural space with chest tubes. This procedure allows the pleurae to heal and the lung to reinflate and resume normal function.
During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?
epinephrine
If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?
collapse
In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because
intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure
Surfactant
Secretion produced by certain cells of the alveoli that reduces the surface tension of water molecules, thus preventing the collapse of the alveoli after each expiration.
In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.
due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells
Normally, the lungs function in a fairly high state of compliance. Which of the following could cause lung compliance to be abnormally high or low?
atelectasis
pulmonary fibrosis
emphysema
All of the above are correct.
all are correct
Which of the following creates an adhesive force that prevents separation of the parietal and visceral pleurae during ventilation?
negative intrapleural pressure
__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.
Transpulmonary
Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________.
an active process; a passive process
To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. T or F?
True
Which of the following factors benefits pulmonary ventilation by making inspiration easier?
increased secretion of surfactant
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
TRUE
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
TRUE
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?
It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.
Boyle’s Law
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
pulmonary ventilation
Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________.
intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon?
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
Which of the following is INCORRECT?
Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?
air (gases) flows into lungs
thoracic cavity volume decreases
intrapulmonary pressure drops
diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?
Boyle’s law
Henry’s law
Charles’ law
Dalton’s law
Boyle’s law
Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment?
intrapulmonary pressure
Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?
intrapleural pressure
Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?
rising CO2 levels
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?
acidosis resulting from CO2 retention
arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg
rising blood pressure
rising carbon dioxide levels
rising blood pressure
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
medulla and pons
The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________.
helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood
Which center is located in the pons
pontine respirator group (PRG)
A drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate.
F
inflation reflex, or Hering-Breuer reflex
a protective response (to prevent the lungs from being stretched excessively) than a normal regulatory mechanism.
The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
Your patient has several cracked ribs from a car accident, which of these would you expect from his or her blood gases?
Elevated PCO2 and decreased pH
Air moves into the lungs because
the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts
Which respiratory structure has the smallest diameter?
bronchiole
This tissue lines the trachea.
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called
pulmonary ventilation
The elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis
Which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest?
vital capacity
Hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where
pH is more acidic
Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is
in ionic form as solute in the plasma
Alveolar ventilation is
less than pulmonary ventilation due to dead space
