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A&PII > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system works with cardiovascular system, urinary system to ______________

A

regulate PH

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2
Q

ventilation vs. respiration

A

ventilation is bringing air in or out of body. respiration is the gas exchange.

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3
Q

two different zones of respiratory system

A

conducting zone and respiratory zone

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4
Q

conduction zone is

A

just the movement, no exchange

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5
Q

respiratory zone

A

where there will be gas exchange

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6
Q

most of the system are the

A

lungs, thoracic cavity.

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7
Q

pharynx

A

passage for food and air

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8
Q

the nose does what

A

smells, brings air in and out, hairs that filter.

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9
Q

sinuses are filled with air to help

A

lighten the nasal bones

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10
Q

external nares

A

nostrils

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11
Q

internal nares

A

posterior nasal aperture

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12
Q

pharynx has three parts

A

nasopharynx, oral pharynx and laryngopharynx

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13
Q

epiglotus

A

helps direct food and air

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14
Q

Oropharynx

A

is lined with stratified squamous epithelium to protect the underlining cells from abrasion

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15
Q

hyoid bone

A

the only bone that does not articulate to anythother bone.

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16
Q

thyroid cartiledge

A

adams apple

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17
Q

corniculate cartiledge and arytenoid cartiledge (always on a lab quiz)

A

small like a piece of corn, underneath

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18
Q

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breathing through the nose?

recovering heat and moisture from the air leaving the nasal cavity
the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae
heating and moistening the air entering the nasal cavity
filtration of the air entering the nasal cavity

A

the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae

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19
Q

most of the cartilage in the respiratory system is hylene cartilage except for

A

epiglottis is made of elastic cartilage. because it needs to move a lot.

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20
Q

trachea has c shaped cartilage preventing

A

c shaped cartiledge rings preventing the trachea from closing.

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21
Q

trachea is lined with

A

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar. cilia helps move mucus up and out.

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22
Q

as you move down the bronchial tree there is less and less cartilage and more

A

smooth muscle

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23
Q

right primary bronchus is

A

a little wider

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24
Q

left lung is smaller than the right lung because

A

the heart is on that side and creates the cardiac notch

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25
Q

left lung has 2 lobes

A

superior and inferior, seperated by the oblique fissure

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26
Q

right lobe of lung has 3 lobes

A

superior, middle, inferior, seperated by the oblique fissure and the horizontal fissure

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27
Q

3 types of bronchus

A

main, primary, lobar, secondary, tertiary or segmental

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28
Q

bronchioles

A

no longer is there cartilage. they can completely close off

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29
Q

types of bronchioles

A

terminal, respiratory

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30
Q

aviolar ducts open up to

A

aviolar sac.

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31
Q

what the last part of the conducting zone

A

respiratory bronchioles

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32
Q

where does gas exchange happen

A

aveoli

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33
Q

what type of cells make up and individual alveolis

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

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34
Q

lungs are highly

A

vascularized

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35
Q

type 1 alveolar

A

squamous cells

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36
Q

type 2 alveolar cells

A

cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant

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37
Q

where there is gas exchange its called the

A

respiratory membrane

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38
Q

2 thinnest cells in the body

A

respiratory membrane, simple squamous cells of the alvelor, simple squamous of the capillary and the base membrane all together.

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39
Q

alveoli

A

the primary site for gas exchange and structural and functional unit of the lungs. there are over 300 million alveoli in the lungs

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40
Q

each lobe is divided into

A

lobules

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41
Q

each lobule has it’s own

A

blood and air supply

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42
Q

bronchial arteries and veins

A

these blood vessels provide oxygenated nutrient rich blood to the lungs tissue itself

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43
Q

pleurae

A

Two layers of serous membrane that line the thoracic cavity and cover the external surface of the lung.

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44
Q

what is the role of the pleural fluid?

A

it is a serous fluid so it’s a lubricant.

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45
Q

each lobule is about the size of

A

a pencil erasure

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46
Q

2 forces that naturally cause the lungs to collpase

A

elastic recoil - has to do with the elastic fibers wrapped around the outside of the alveoli.
high surface tension inside the lung

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47
Q

2 forces that prevent the collapse of lungs naturally

A

negative intra pleural pressure, presence of surfactant from the type two cuboidal cells

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48
Q

high surface tension is due to

A

the high surface tension of the water in the lungs

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49
Q

surfactant

A

phosolipid and it lowers the surface tension by 40x to prevent the collapse of the lungs.

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50
Q

elastic recoil

A

there is an actual negative pressure between the body wall and the lungs

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51
Q

premature babies have the lung pressure but don’t have

A

surfactant because they develop at the end of the third trimester

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52
Q

a number of -4 intraplueral pressure is really

A

760

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53
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

the pressure inside the lungs or within the alveoli and again is give the value of 0 mmHg

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54
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

space between lungs and body wall

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55
Q

1mm of mercury difference is needed

A

for air to flow in or out

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56
Q

your lung volume is 5-6 liters

A

when you are at rest you are only half a liter.

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57
Q

in respiratry system resistance is

A

pretty constant. resistance doesn’t change, it’s constant. P1-P2

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58
Q

pressure is inversely related to

A

volume. increase the volume, decrease the pressure. The change in volume allows for the change in volume.

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59
Q

inspiration is consider a _______, expiratin is considered_________

A

active process, passive process

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60
Q

as you down the respiratory tree there will be less and less

A

resistance

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61
Q

lung compliance

A

change in volume over pressure. Naturally lungs have a high compliance. Is is more difficult to breath when compliance is low

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62
Q

what is the lung compliance like in a person with emphizema?

A

low compliance

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63
Q

tidal volume

A

how much air comes in and out with one breath - 500ml

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64
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

biggest breath in

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65
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

biggest breath out

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66
Q

residual volume

A

the breath that is always left in your lungs.

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67
Q

Why is there always a residual volume or not completely empty in the lungs?

A

by leaving some air in, it is easier to refill. It also helps there be a constant gas exchange.

68
Q

Dead air space

A

air in the conducting respiratory passageway that never makes it to gas exchange is antatomical dead space. If an alveolar ceases to act in gas exchange the alveolar dead space is added to anotomical.

69
Q

anatomical dead air space

A

the air from the conducting zone that doesn’t make it’s way to gas exchange

70
Q

alveoli dead air space

A

when there is a non functional alveoli this dead air that isn’t contributing to gas exchange get aded to the anatomical total

71
Q

when someone is snorkeling they are

A

increases anatomical dead air space

72
Q

alveolar ventilation rate

A

=breaths/min x (TV-dead air space) 20x350. not all the air you take in actually gets down to your lungs

73
Q

Dalton’s law

A

if you have a mixture of gases then each gas exerts it’s own pressure. Po2 partial pressure of oxygen.

74
Q

What is the percentage of the specific gas within the mix of gases

A

Dalton’s law

75
Q

What the other major gas that we breath in

A

nitogen 79% - 21% oxygen.

76
Q

as we increase our elevation our oxygen content goes

A

down

77
Q

Henry’s law

A

CO2 is 20 times more soluble in water than oxygen.

78
Q

amount of oxygen in arterial blood vs venous blood, which has more

A

arteriol

79
Q

amount of oxygen in inspired or expired air

A

inspired

80
Q

amount of oxygen in expired air amount of o2 in alveoli

A

expired, this is due to dead air space. that’s why CPR works

81
Q

blood leaving tissue and going to lungs has an oxygen or PO2 of

A

40

82
Q

small changes in respiration has to do with the

A

CO2

83
Q

put in the right order from high to low oxygen

A

inspired, expired, aeveolar, pul veins, systemic arteries, cells tisues, sustemic veins, pul.

84
Q

in and ideal situation each alveola has plenty of ventilation. when there is an obstruction, what happens

A

our bodies create less blood flow.

85
Q

What will happen to gas exchange in the presence of pulmonary edema

A

less gas exchange

86
Q

concentration gradient

A

P1-P2

87
Q

How are these gases transported

A

most of the oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin, 2% is directly disolved in the plasma.

88
Q

how many oxygen does each hemoglobin carry?

A

4

89
Q

when hemoglobin is at full saturation of oxygen it carries how many oxygen

A

4 oxygens.

90
Q

how many of the hemoglobin do you need at rest

A

1 oxygen

91
Q

why is there 3 left over?

A

incase you need it while your exercising or fight or flight

92
Q

when the graph moves to the right

A

the homoglobin gives off less saturation.

93
Q

70% of carbon dioxide is carried by, 20% is bound, 10% is to

A

bicarbonate, proteins, dissolved

94
Q

water plus co2 forms carbonic acid

A

carbonic acid which breaks down to free hydrogen and bicarbonate. This process is reversible.

95
Q

more Co2 will bind to water to create carbonic acid which will

A

lower the PH

96
Q

inspiratory center is comprable to

A

the SA node with spontaneous

97
Q

expiratory center

A

only plays a role during heavy labored breathing.

98
Q

when the expiratory center is active it

A

inhibits the inspiratory center.

99
Q

pneumotaxic center

A

a neural center in the upper part of the pons that provides inhibitory impulses on inspiration and thereby prevents overdistension of the lungs and helps to maintain alternately recurrent inspiration and expiration.

100
Q

inspiration when pneomatoxic center is active the respiration is

A

longer

101
Q

stretch receptors in our lungs that prevent us from

A

over inflating

102
Q

chemoreceptors will

A

increase respiratory rates, they only sense CO2 because that will effect the PH

103
Q

Small changes in CO2 levels

A

cause dramatic changes in respiratory rate.)

104
Q

arterial blood levels need to fall below 60mm

A

before there is a change in the brain

105
Q

Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen’s attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?

A

partial pressure of oxygen

106
Q

The palatine tonsils are found in which of the following regions?

A

oropharynx

107
Q

The separation between the upper and lower respiratory system occurs at the

A

larynx

108
Q

Which of the following is an organ shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system?

A

pharynx

109
Q

The adenoids normally destroy pathogens because they contain

A

lymphocytes

110
Q

Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?

frontal
ethmoid
temporal
maxillary

A

temporal

111
Q

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?

A

epiglottis

112
Q

Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors vocal cords?

A

arytenoid cartilage

113
Q

Which of these structures forms a complete ring around the airway?

A

cricoid cartilage

114
Q

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

A

simple squamous epithelium

115
Q

In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job?

A

type II alveolar cells which secrete surfactant

116
Q

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia. T or F?

A

True

117
Q

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle’s law?

A

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

118
Q

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

119
Q

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

A

intrapleural pressure

120
Q

pneumothorax

A

The presence of air in the pleural cavity is referred to as a pneumothorax (nu″mo-tho′raks; “air thorax”), and is reversed by drawing air out of the intrapleural space with chest tubes. This procedure allows the pleurae to heal and the lung to reinflate and resume normal function.

121
Q

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?

A

epinephrine

122
Q

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

A

collapse

123
Q

In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because

A

intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure

124
Q

Surfactant

A

Secretion produced by certain cells of the alveoli that reduces the surface tension of water molecules, thus preventing the collapse of the alveoli after each expiration.

125
Q

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.

A

due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells

126
Q

Normally, the lungs function in a fairly high state of compliance. Which of the following could cause lung compliance to be abnormally high or low?

atelectasis
pulmonary fibrosis
emphysema
All of the above are correct.

A

all are correct

127
Q

Which of the following creates an adhesive force that prevents separation of the parietal and visceral pleurae during ventilation?

A

negative intrapleural pressure

128
Q

__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.

A

Transpulmonary

129
Q

Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________.

A

an active process; a passive process

130
Q

To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. T or F?

A

True

131
Q

Which of the following factors benefits pulmonary ventilation by making inspiration easier?

A

increased secretion of surfactant

132
Q

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

A

TRUE

133
Q

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

A

TRUE

134
Q

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

A

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

135
Q

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?

A

It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.

136
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

A

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

137
Q

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

A

Boyle’s Law

138
Q

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

A

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

139
Q

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

A

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

140
Q

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

A

pulmonary ventilation

141
Q

Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________.

A

intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure

142
Q

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon?

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

143
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT?

A

Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

144
Q

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

air (gases) flows into lungs
thoracic cavity volume decreases
intrapulmonary pressure drops
diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

A

diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

145
Q

Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

Boyle’s law
Henry’s law
Charles’ law
Dalton’s law

A

Boyle’s law

146
Q

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment?

A

intrapulmonary pressure

147
Q

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?

A

intrapleural pressure

148
Q

Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?

A

rising CO2 levels

149
Q

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?

acidosis resulting from CO2 retention
arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg
rising blood pressure
rising carbon dioxide levels

A

rising blood pressure

150
Q

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

A

medulla and pons

151
Q

The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________.

A

helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood

152
Q

Which center is located in the pons

A

pontine respirator group (PRG)

153
Q

A drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate.

A

F

154
Q

inflation reflex, or Hering-Breuer reflex

A

a protective response (to prevent the lungs from being stretched excessively) than a normal regulatory mechanism.

155
Q

The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

A

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

156
Q

Your patient has several cracked ribs from a car accident, which of these would you expect from his or her blood gases?

A

Elevated PCO2 and decreased pH

157
Q

Air moves into the lungs because

A

the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts

158
Q

Which respiratory structure has the smallest diameter?

A

bronchiole

159
Q

This tissue lines the trachea.

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

160
Q

The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called

A

pulmonary ventilation

161
Q

The elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

A

epiglottis

162
Q

Which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest?

A

vital capacity

163
Q

Hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where

A

pH is more acidic

164
Q

Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is

A

in ionic form as solute in the plasma

165
Q

Alveolar ventilation is

A

less than pulmonary ventilation due to dead space

A&PII (17 decks)

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