Lab Mastering digestion and metabolism Flashcards
Which digestive process does NOT occur in the mouth? digestion segmentation mechanical breakdown ingestion
segmentation
The deciduous dentition consists of __________ teeth.
20
Which of the following is produced in the stomach and contributes directly to the absorption of vitamin B12?
Which of the following is produced in the stomach and contributes directly to the absorption of vitamin B12?
pepsinogen
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
intrinsic factor
hydrochloric acid
intrinsic factor
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the first segment of the small intestine. duodenum ileum colon jejunum
duodenum
Which of the following is NOT a structural modification of the small intestine that increases surface area?
circular folds
microvilli
rugae
villi
rugae
Which major process involves the removal of water from intestinal contents? defecation ingestion mechanical breakdown absorption
absorption
Where does the process of segmentation occur? esophagus small intestine rectum stomach
small intestine
How would you classify chewing food? propulsion mechanical breakdown ingestion digestion
mechanical breakdown
Which organ of the digestive tract is the body’s major digestive organ?
Small Intenstine
Which of the following is NOT a means of mechanically breaking down food?
segmentation
mastication
peristalsis
churning
peristalsis
Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption?
the small intestine
large intestine
the esophagus
the oral cavity
the esophagus
The chemical process of food breakdown is called ________.
secretion
ingestion
digestion
absorption
digestion
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.
absorption
secretion
mechanical breakdown
digestion
digestion
Peristaltic waves are ________.
- waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
- pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract
- segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract
- churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract that aid in mechanical breakdown of chyme
waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________.
mastication
anabolism
catabolism
excretion
catabolism
The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis. T or F?
True
Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium? muscularis externa serosa mucosa submucosa
mucosa
Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity? serosa muscularis externa submucosa mucosa
submucosa
Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________.
lipid ingestion
lipid emulsification
lipid digestion
lipid absorption
lipid emulsification
Carbohydrates are digested into __________.
monosaccharides
Which enzyme(s) is/are responsible for the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates?
nuclease
proteases
amylases
trypsin
amylases
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the large intestine?
It does not contain villi.
It is longer than the small intestine.
It has pocket-like sacs called haustra.
It exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli.
It is longer than the small intestine.
Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?
absorb bilirubin
synthesize vitamins C and D
synthesis of vitamin K
produce gas
synthesis of vitamin K
A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ________.
it is likely to cause severe internal bleeding
loss of the appendix’s function will cause an immune deficiency in the digestive system
it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity
the large intestine will no longer be able to receive digested material from the small intestine
it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity
An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______.
increases the activity of the longitudinal layer of the muscularis
increases the activity of the parasympathetic division of the ANS
inhibits muscle tone in the anal sphincters
inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus
inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus
__________ can result if food passes too slowly through the large intestine.
Diarrhea
Colitis
Constipation
Irritable bowel syndrome
Constipation
As wastes navigate the large intestine, which features do they pass through, in order?
the sigmoid, left colic, and right colic flexures
the sigmoid, right colic, and left colic flexures
the cecum, left colic, and right colic flexures
the right colic, left colic, and sigmoid flexures
the right colic, left colic, and sigmoid flexures
Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?
defecation reflex
Valsalva’s maneuver
mass movement
haustral contractions
mass movement
Peyer’s patches are primarily found in the submucosa of the duodenum. T or F
False
Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. descending and sigmoid colon stomach and duodenum cecum and ascending colon jejunum and ileum
jejunum and ileum
Which of these best describes a lacteal?
special blood capillaries in the villi designed for absorbing food effectively
a deep pocket in the intestinal wall where endocrine and antimicrobial cells are located
a projection of the small intestine wall designed to increase surface area
a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood
a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood
Which cells in the small intestine’s mucosa secrete mucus?
goblet cells
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.
hepatopancreatic ampulla
bile canaliculus
portal vein
pancreatic acini
hepatopancreatic ampulla
Pancreatic juice does NOT contain __________.
bicarbonate ions
amylase
procarboxypeptidase
enteropeptidase
enteropeptidase
Bile is secreted by the __________ under hormonal influence of __________.
Liver, secretin
Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract? central vein inferior vena cava hepatic portal vein hepatic vein
hepatic portal vein
Which of the following constitute a portal triad?
the hepatic artery and two hepatic veins
three lobules sharing a common central vein
the porta hepatis
a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole
a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole
Most gastric ulcers are due to excessive production of hydrochloric acid. t or f?
False
Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.T or F?
False
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?
intrinsic factor
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
zymogenic cells
enteroendocrine cells
parietal cells
mucous neck cells
parietal cells
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? A K C B12
B12
The bolus is liquefied in the ________ and it is now called chyme.
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
mouth
stomach
Generally, the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ________.
increase the force of stomach contractions
decrease the activities of the accessory digestive organs
increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile
increase stomach emptying
increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
vitamin D
vitamin K
vitamin B
vitamin A
B
Which type of nutrient functions primarily as an energy source for cells?
carbohydrates
oxygen
vitamins
minerals
carbohydrates
Which of the following pathways acts as a source for the electrons carried by the NADH and FADH2 molecules shown in this figure?
Glycolysis only
the citric acid cycle only
both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
neither glycolysis nor the citric acid cycle
both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Redox reactions __________.
are characterized by one substance’s gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron
rarely involve enzymes
are characterized by the exchange of water molecules
do not occur under physiological conditions
are characterized by one substance’s gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron
A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance. T or F
False
Which type of food molecule provides components for cellular structures like plasma membranes, myelin sheaths, and steroid hormones? complex carbohydrates glucose protein lipids
lipids
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?
meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet
must contain all the body’s amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth
derived from meat and fish only
derived only from legumes and other plant material
must contain all the body’s amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth
The most abundant dietary lipids are ________.
fatty acids
cholesterol
triglycerides
phospholipids
triglycerides
Why is external respiration (breathing) necessary for cellular respiration?
Inhaled oxygen is necessary for the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis.
Inhaled oxygen provides the energy that drives cellular respiration.
Inhaled oxygen is needed to bind to carbon atoms to form carbon dioxide during the citric acid cycle.
Inhaled oxygen is necessary for receiving electrons and hydrogen ions from the electron transport chain.
Inhaled oxygen is necessary for receiving electrons and hydrogen ions from the electron transport chain.
Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance?
A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis.
It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.
Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.
It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat.
Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.
The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.T or F?
True
Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health. T or F?
False
What is the primary function of the overall reactions of cellular respiration?
to metabolize nutrients
to produce proteins
to regenerate ATP
to oxidize glucose
to regenerate ATP
__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are combined to build larger molecules.
Carboxylation
Metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
The term metabolism is best defined as ________.
the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body
the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day
a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories
the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats
the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body
Catabolism of food molecules involves ________.
synthesis reactions
dehydration reactions
hydrolysis reactions
glycogenesis
hydrolysis reactions
Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.
True
False
False
Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are described as anabolic.
True
False
False
The citric acid cycle occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process.
mitochondria; anaerobic
mitochondria; aerobic
cytosol; anaerobic
cytosol; aerobic
mitochondria; aerobic
Which of the following is NOT an end product of the citric acid cycle?
FADH2
citric acid
NADH
CO2
citric acid
Glycogenesis occurs when ATP levels are high and glucose is abundant.
True
False
True
The goal of cellular respiration is to _______.
generate body heat
convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules
provide the body with essential vitamins and minerals
convert polymers into monomers
convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules
Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.
glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules
glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water
glycogen is formed
glycogen is broken down to release glucose
glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules
Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.
conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water
conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water
formation of sugar
conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose.
glucagon
acetyl Co A
glycogen
glycerol
glycerol
Excess acetyl CoA that accumulates during fat breakdown is modified in the liver by which of the following pathways?
lipogenesis
ketogenesis
lipolysis
beta oxidation
ketogenesis
During ketosis caused by inadequate ingestion of carbohydrates, ______.
the glycogen content of the liver is reduced
the pH of the urine is elevated
homeostatic mechanisms effectively increase the concentration of the blood’s carbonic acid – bicarbonate buffer system
All of the listed responses are correct.
the glycogen content of the liver is reduced
The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________.
lipogenesis
lipolysis
gluconeogenesis
glycogenesis
lipolysis
What is the outcome of ketosis?
metabolic acidosis glycogen buildup water retention and edema metabolic alkalosis glucogenesis
metabolic acidosis
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________.
glycogen
fatty acids
lactic acid
amino acids
fatty acids
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized?
foods and beverages high in caffeine
vitamins and minerals
fats
proteins
fats
Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________.
absorptive state
The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing.
True
False
True
Which of the following is not an essential role of the liver?
carbohydrate metabolism
protein metabolism
biotransformation functions
urea disposal
urea disposal
