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A&PII > LAB - GI and Starch Digestion > Flashcards

LAB - GI and Starch Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

enzyme measurement is important to diagnose

A

heart attack and liver disfunction

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2
Q

enzymes are biological catalysts which are

A

proteins that speed up the rate of a reaction without permanently changing the enzymes themselves

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3
Q

amylase converts what and what into what

A

Starch and water into maltose

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4
Q

The shape of the enzyme provides a pocket called

A

Active site

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5
Q

The shape of the active site determines the

A

specificity of the enzyme

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6
Q

the active site has a 3d structure that allows the substrate to

A

temporarily attach

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7
Q

the substrate of a reaction is the

A

molecule that is acted on by the enzyme

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8
Q

The product is a result of the

A

enzyme catalysis

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9
Q

The equation always has enzymes on the top of the arrow, substrates to the left of the arrow and product to the right

A

amylase

starch + H2O _____maltose

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10
Q

enzymes are very specific about the reactions they

A

catalyze

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11
Q

each enzyme usually catalyses only a single reaction however,

A

they can catalyze that same reaction many times without wearing out.

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12
Q

Some enzymes catalyze a synthesis reaction which is

A

the conversion of two substrates into a larger product.

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13
Q

enzyme assays

A

are used to determine if an enzyme is working

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14
Q

amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch to alogosacharides including matose

A

for this enzyme assay we are able to detect the presence of starch, the substate, and maltose, one of the products to determine enzyme activity.

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15
Q

after preparing the test tubes with reagents a sample goes on a dish then we add lugose iodine. when lugose iodine and starch come into contact you get a

A

blue black color which indicates a positive starch test

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16
Q

When starch is absent the addition of lugose iodine produces a light yellow color. This represent a

A

negative starch test

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17
Q

The absence of starch indicates a functional salivary amylase

A

because amylase breaks down starch.

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18
Q

Another way to test the activity of amylase is to test for the

A

presence of the products of the catalysists reducing sugars

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19
Q

Benedict’s reagents tests for the presence of

A

reducing sugars such as maltose, glucose and fuctose

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20
Q

A positive sugar test is detected as a color change from the original blue to

A

green, orange, or burnt orange

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21
Q

A negative sugar test is detected when the solution

A

remains blue after the benedict’s reagent and boiling step

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22
Q

typically a bell shaped curve illustrates how an enzyme performs at various temperatures most enzymes have an

A

optimal temperature at which they function best.

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23
Q

the peak of the curve indicates the optimal temp where enzymatic activity is the

A

highest

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24
Q

As the temperature of the enzyme change the structure of the

A

active site also changes and this new shape may or may not be able to accommodate the substrate

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25
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction.

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26
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself becoming chemically changed or part of the product.

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27
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed

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28
Q

What is the product?

A

the result of the enzyme catalysis

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29
Q

Peptide are

A

two or more amino acids linked together by a peptide bond

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30
Q

a peptide chain containing 10-100 amino acids is typically called a

A

polypeptide

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31
Q

during digestion ______ cells of the stomach secrete a protein digesting enzyme called pepsin

A

chief cells

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32
Q

Pepsin is a

A

protein digesting enzyme

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33
Q

pepsin _________ peptide bonds

A

hydrolyzes

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34
Q

_______ is a synthetic peptide that releases a yellow dye product when hydrolyzed

A

BAPNA

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35
Q

negative results with negative controls validate the experiment. negative controls are used to determine whether there are any contaminating substances are present to cause the change.

A

True

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36
Q

When a positive result is produced but a negative result is expected, one or more contaminating substances are present to cause the change

A

True

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37
Q

Where in the body does protein digestion begin?

A

The stomach

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38
Q

The substrate for pepsin is

A

protein

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39
Q

there are four layers in the walls of the digestive tract

A
  1. deepest layer is the mucosal layer. 2. submucosa has blood vessels and nerves. 3. muscularis externa - circular muscle and longitudinal muscle which is smooth muscle 4. serosa
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40
Q

if you swallow a penny what layer would the layer be touching?

A

mucossa

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41
Q

if you swallow a penny and the dr has to operate what is the first layer she will cut?

A

serosa.

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42
Q

small intestine is the only place that has the

A

villi and microvilli and lacteals

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43
Q

in the small intestine we increase surface area by

A

plicae villi or circular folds, villa and microvilla

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44
Q

does the liver make any digestive enzymes?

A

NO

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45
Q

What are the main type of gland cells in the stomach?

A

parietal, chief and enterendocrine

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46
Q

what does the parietal cells secrete?

A

hydrochloric acid

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47
Q

what does the chief cell secrete?

A

pepsinogen which is the inactive form of pepsin

48
Q

what do the enterendocrine cells secrete?

A

hormones like gastrin

49
Q

the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct dump into the

A

duodenum of the small intestine

50
Q

if you see a tube like thing in front of a pancreas and the question is what organ the answer is

A

small intestine. when it asks for more specificity the answer is duodenum.

51
Q

Bile goes to the _____ to be concentrated and stored

A

gallbladder

52
Q

the bile from the gallbladder goes from the common bile duct into the duodnum

A

True

53
Q

lobes of the liver

A

left, right, quadrate, cuadate

54
Q

lobules are the

A

small units of the liver

55
Q

portal triad is made of 3 parts

A

a portion of the hepatic portal artery, a portion of the hepatic portal vein and a portion of the bile duct.

56
Q

bile coniculai is where the

A

bile is moving from the center of the lobules to the outside ends

57
Q

In the center of the lobules is the

A

central vein

58
Q

in all the lobules the blood goes towards the central vein and then the central veins unite to make the

A

hepatic vein that comes out the liver

59
Q

coming in and out of the gallbladder is the

A

cystic duct

60
Q

from the liver are the left and right hepatic ducts

A

True

61
Q

the right and left hepatic ducts form the

A

common hepatic ducts

62
Q

The common hepatic duct along with the cystic duct forms the

A

common bile duct

63
Q

fat pad

A

greater omenta

64
Q

What are the 3 layers of muscles in the stomach?

A

oblique, circular, longitudinal

65
Q

what is the role of the peyer’s patch?

A

lymphatic tissue that are a part of immunity.

66
Q

ways to increase surface area in the stomach

A

rugae

67
Q

ways to increase surface area in the small intestine

A

microvilli, villi and plica circularis (circular folds)

68
Q

Put the large intestine in the correct order from the cecum on?

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoidal colon, rectum, anus.

69
Q

What’s the role of the cecum?

A

it’s just the connection between the small intestine and large intestine. A receiving area for the stuff that wasn’t absorbed by the small intestine.

70
Q

What’s the role of the cecum?

A

it’s just the connection between the small intestine and large intestine. A receiving area for the stuff that wasn’t absorbed by the small intestine. Some people say it’s the dirtiest place in the human body.

71
Q

How does surface area effect enzymatic reaction?

A

Increased surface area speeds up a reaction.

72
Q

The typical temperature for most of our reaction is 37 degrees which is

A

body temp

73
Q

What are the parts and the order of the large intestine or colon?

A

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoidal colon, rectum and anus

74
Q

know the internal and external sphincter

A

Internal anal sphincter is smooth muscle and involuntarily controled and the external sphincter is skeletol muscle and voluntarily controled

75
Q

What’s the role of the cecum?

A

To receive the undigested food from the small intestine.

76
Q

at 100 degrees you’d have so much kinetic energy but you see

A

no enzymatic reaction. Because the enzyme is denatured and non-functional

77
Q

lesser and greater omentum are

A

specialized mesentary that come off the curvature in the stomach they cover the small intestine. these specialized mesentaries are there to store fat.

78
Q

lacteals are there to help absorb

A

fats - lacteals, lipids, lymph

79
Q

small intestine have the peyer’s patch and they are apart of

A

immunity because it’s apart of the lympatic and immune system.

80
Q

The order of the parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, illium

81
Q

The lesser omentum anchors the

A

liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

82
Q

The greater omentum drapes inferiorly from the

A

greater curvature of the stomach to cover the coils of the small intestine. It then runs dorsally and superiorly, wrapping the spleen and the transverse portion of the large intestine.

83
Q

Triglycerides are the most abundant fats in the diet (p. 45). Where is the primary site of their digestion?

A

The small intestine is the primary site of lipid digestion

84
Q

What organ produces lipase, a fat digesting enzyme?

A

the pancreas

85
Q

lipase is produced in the _____ and released in the ________

A

pancreas, small intestine

86
Q

What does lipase break down?

A

lipids or fats

87
Q

Pancreatic amylase is produced in the _______ and secreted by the_______

A

pancrease, small intestine

88
Q

Salivary amylase is produced in the _______ and secreted in the _______

A

salivary glands, mouth.

89
Q

maltase is produced in the ______ and secreted in the ________

A

SI, SI

90
Q

pepsin is produced in _______ and secreted by________

A

gastic glands in the stomach (chief cells), stomach

91
Q

trypsin is produced in the _______ and secreted by________

A

pancrease, SI

92
Q

peptidases is produced in the _______ and secreted by________

A

Small intestine, small intestine

93
Q

nuclease is produced in the _______ and secreted by________

A

pancreas, small intestine

94
Q

nucleosidases is produced in the _______ and secreted by________

A

pancreas, small intestine

95
Q

Lipase is produced in the _______ and secreted by________

A

pancrease, small intestine

96
Q

What are the enzymes that break down carbohydrates?

A

salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase and maltase

97
Q

What are the enzymes that break down protein?

A

pepsin, trypsin, peptidases

98
Q

What are the enzymes that break down fats or lipids

A

lipase

99
Q

What four organic molecules are found in all living things?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid.

100
Q

what are the mechanical and chemical digestion processes in the mouth?

A

chewing and swallowing are mechanical. Chemical digestion occurs of carbohydrates and fats

101
Q

what are the mechanical and chemical digestion and absorptive processes in the stomach?

A

Mechanical - peristaltic mixing and propulsion. chemical digestion of proteins and fats. absorption - lipid soluble substances such as alcohol and aspirin.

102
Q

what are the mechanical and chemical digestion and absorptive processes in the small intestine?

A

mechanical - mixing and propulsion primarily by segmentation. chemical - carbs, fats, polypeptides, nucleic acids. Absorption of peptides, amino acids, glucose, fructose, fats, water, minerals and vitamins (everything)

103
Q

what are the mechanical and chemical digestion and absorptive processes in the large intestine?

A

mechanical - segmental mixing and propulsion. NO chemical digestion (except by bacteria). Absorption of ions, water, mineral and organic molecules

104
Q

what is the enzyme, the substrate and the product for triglyerides?

A

enzyme - lipase. substrate - triglycerides. product - fatty acids.

105
Q

what is the enzyme, the substrate and the product for protein?

A

enzyme - pepsin in the stomach and trypsin in the small intestine. substrate - protein. product - peptides.

106
Q

what is the enzyme, the substrate and the product for peptides which are the product of protein digestion?

A

enzyme - peptidases. substrate - peptides. Product - amino acids.

107
Q

What speeds up chemical digestion by breaking down our ingested nutrients into small molecules?

A

enzymes

108
Q

what begins digestion?

A

chewing and swallowing

109
Q

stomach turns triaclylglycerols into

A

dighlycerides and fatty acids

110
Q

small intestine combines bile with

A

separated fats

111
Q

proteins break down into

A

denatured and partially hydrolyzed protein in the stomach then small peptides, amino acids in the small intestine, then amino acids go into the blood stream in the large intestine.

112
Q

starch digestion break down goes like this:

A

starch or glycogen breaks down into disaccharides (maltose, sucrose and lactose) in the mouth, then monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) in the small intestine

113
Q

starch or glycogen is a

A

polysacharide

114
Q

maltose is a

A

disaccharides

115
Q

glucose is a

A

monosaccharides

116
Q

maltase is made up of

A

2 glucose molecules bonded together

A&PII (17 decks)

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