Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&PII > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Function of endocrine glands

A

Lack ducts and release hormones into the blood or surrounding tissues. Since hormones travel in the extracellular fluid, they can act on cells that are quite a distance away from the original secreting endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

major endocrine organs and structures

A

pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 2 basic categories of hormones?

A

water soluble (hydrophilic) and lipid soluble (hydrophobic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

water soluble hormones or hydrophilic tend to be

A

amino acids based water soluble proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lipid soluble hormones are usually

A

steroids and derived from cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the category of structures that are fatty acids that don’t fit the typical description of a hormone. they don’t travel in blood they function more locally

A

prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Our two categories of hormones act differently

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When a hormone binds to a cell it alters the cell’s activityA hormone may increase or decrease a particular cell’s activity and the affect a given hormone has on a cell is specific to the cell, not the hormone. This is called

A

target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hormones have 2 basic mechanisms of action depending on whether they are

A

water or lipid soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

things that move readily across the cell membrane are

A

lipid soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the things that do not move easily over the cell membrane

A

water soluble molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Something that is polar,____ ______ go across the phospholipid by layer.

A

does not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

for water soluble cells the receptors are on the _____ of the cell

A

outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

water soluble hormones start a cascade effect once they bind to their receptors this is called _________

A

second messenger system or cyclic AMP - two atp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The first horomone that bonds to water soluble cell is called

A

first messenger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The hormone is called the first messenger and its binding to a receptor causes the activation of a

A

G protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The activated G protein actives the enzyme, adenylate cyclase, which takes ATP and forms cAMP, cyclic AMP. cAMP, this is called the

A

second messenger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the second messenger, then floats in the cell and activates another enzyme,

A

protein kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that add a phosphate group to another

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The second messenger system is an example of a

A

cascade effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is cAMP

A

Cyclic AMP - Intracellular second messenger that mediates the effects of the first (extracellular) messenger (hormone or neurotransmitter); formed from ATP by a plasma membrane enzyme (adenylate cyclase).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cyclic AMP is the

A

most common 2nd messenger in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Once the hormone get attached to the receptor the reaction is very

A

FAST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

all hydrophyllic hormones work

A

FAST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the most common 2nd messanger

A

Cyclic AMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lipid soluble hormones or hormones that are hydrophobic have recepter that are

A

inside the cell since the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

a steroid hormone goes right across the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane as well.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are the receptors for lipid soluble hormones?

A

The DNA itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lipid soluble hormones can increase and decrease the trancription or translation

A

production of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lipid soluble hormones affect your

A

DNA and protein Synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Effecting the synthesis of a protein takes

A

a long time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

epinephrine works ______, cortisone steroid works ______

A

fast, slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Water soluble hormones have a shorter half-life, a fast onset and a short duration

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones have a longer half life, slow onset and a longer duration

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

3 major ways to stimulate a cell?

A

Humoral, neural, hormonal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a humoral stimulus?

A

hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is an example of humoral stimulus?

A

Perithyroid hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a hormonal stimulation

A

When a hormone stimulates another hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the neural stimulus

A

hormone relased caused by neural input.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

example of the nervous system being the stimuls?

A

When there is an increase in sympathetic stimulation we see an increase in epinephrine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What gland is a good example of a hormonal stimulus?

A

thyroid gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

A given hormone can bind to more than one cell and a given cell can bind more than one hormone

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

humoral response is when a hormone is secreted in response to

A

changes in blood levels of specific ion and nutrients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

a rise in insulin levels following elevated blood glucose levels is an example of what kind of stimuli?

A

humoral stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

neural stimuli is a classic example of what kind of innervation

A

sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The pituitary gland is connected to the _______ via the _________

A

hypothalamus, infundibulum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

posterior and anterior lobes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The posterior pituitary is derived from _______ and is actually considered part of the ________

A

nervous tissue, brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

the posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via a

A

nerve tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

hormones are made by the hypothalamus and then stored by the

A

posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

the neurohormones in the posterior pituitary are released upon

A

sns stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are the two neurohormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH and Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is ADH and what does it do?

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

Hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary; stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and the ejection of milk during nursing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is one of a

A

portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Releasing or inhibiting hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus and then travel thru a portal system to the anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary will then response by

A

secreting or not secreting a second hormone into the blood

57
Q

Adenohypophyseal Hormones

A

anterior pituitary hormone any of the protein or polypeptide hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, including growth hormone, thyrotropin, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and corticotropin.

58
Q

The release of 4 hormones from the anterior pituitary is controlled by the secretion of a second hormone from the hypothalamus. These hormones released from the hypothalamus are called

A

tropic hormones

59
Q

All of the hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland are water-soluble and thus work through the

A

cAMP second-messenger system.

60
Q

hypothalamus has it’s neurons and those neurons secrete hormones into a capillary bed then those hormones travel from that capillary bed to the anterior pituiatary causing the anterior pituitary to secrete a second set of hormones. These hormones are

A

neural hormones because they are secreted by neurons

61
Q

some of the hormones that the hypothalamus secretes

A

a releasing hormone or an inhibiting hormone.

62
Q

the hypothalamus is playing a role in directing the secretions from the anterior pituitary by secreting a

A

releasing hormone or an inhibiting hormone.

63
Q

when a hormone is secreted from a gland or cell and it effects a secretin of a second hormone that is called a

A

tropic hormone

64
Q

Funciton of Growth hormone GH

A

anabolic hormone, stimulates growth protein synthesis, mobilizes fats and has a glucose sparing effect.

65
Q

what does it mean if a hormone is glucose sparing?

A

causes your body to utilize a different energy source other than glucose (typically fats) so that blood glucose levels and stay constant

66
Q

One way to increase Growth Hormone is to increase

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

67
Q

Another way to increase Growth hormone is low blood glucose because

A

GH has a glucose sparing effect it will allow you to break down lipids and use lipids as an energy source

68
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone is important for the

A

development and function of the thyroid gland

69
Q

increase TRH which will increase TSH which will increase

A

T3 and T4

70
Q

Hormones ultimately target most cells of the body producing widespread diverse effects. What are the major processes that hormones control and integrate

A

reproduction, growth and development, maintenance of electrolyte, water and nutrient balance of the blood, regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance, mobilization of body defenses.

71
Q

exocrine glanes produce

A

non hormonal substances such as sweat and saliva

72
Q

endocrine glands produce are also called ductless glands, they produce

A

hormones and they lack ducts.

73
Q

endocrine glands include

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

74
Q

The hypothalamus produces and releases hormones so it is called a

A

neuroendocrine organ

75
Q

The pancreas, gonads and placenta have what type of tissue

A

endocrine tissue

76
Q

Most organs contain scattered

A

endocrine cells or small clusters of endocrine cells

77
Q

autocrines are chemicals that exert their effects on

A

the same cells that secrete them

78
Q

paracrines also act locally but

A

affect cell types other than the ones that secreted them.

79
Q

What is the most common form of hormone that is usually water soluble and fast acting

A

amino acid based hormones

80
Q

what type of hormone is less common, slower acting and lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane

A

steroids

81
Q

all major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues but a hormone only influences the tissue cells that have

A

the receptor for that particular hormone

82
Q

cells that have a receptor for specific hormones are called

A

target cells

83
Q

A hormone typically produces one or more of the following changes

A

Alters plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential or both by opening or closing ion channels. stimulates synthesis of enzymes and other proteins within the cell. activates or deactivates enzymes, induces secretory activity, stimulates mitosis.

84
Q

water soluble hormones act on receptors in the

A

plasma membrane

85
Q

lipid soluble hormones act on receptors

A

inside the cell

86
Q

Menopause

A

When there are low hormone levels, erratic periods, less menstruation and only in females.

87
Q

Role of GnRH

A

From the hypothalamus and causes the increase in FSH and LH

88
Q

Number of chromosomes in egg and sperm

A

23 because when they comes together you get 46

89
Q

When the hypothalamus releases growth hormone releasing hormone to tells the

A

anterior pituitary to increase secretions of growth hormone.

90
Q

when the hypothalamus releases growth hormone inhibiting hormone it tell the

A

anterior pituitary to decrease secretions of growth hormone

91
Q

if the hypothalamus released thryroxin releasing hormone then there will be an

A

increase in thyroid stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.

92
Q

if there’s an increase in cortical releasing hormone then there will be an

A

increase in adrenal cortical-tropic hormone.

93
Q

if thre’s an increase in goanatropic releasing hormone then there will be an

A

increase in Luetenizing hormone and follical stimulating hormone

94
Q

if there is an increase in prolactan inhibiting hormone there will be

A

less prolactin secreted from the anterior pituitary.

95
Q

all hormones from the hypothalamus that affect a second hormone it’s called a

A

tropic hormone

96
Q

the secretions from the posterior pituitary hormones are

A

nueral hormones, they are derived and secreted by the nuerons in the hypothalamus

97
Q

the secretions from teh anterior pituitary are made in the AP and secretions can be influenced by the hormones of the hypothalamus by a

A

portal system

98
Q

all AP hormones are

A

water soluble and very fast

99
Q

If you increase thyroxin releasing hormone will increase thyroxin stimulating hormone which will travel to the thyroid to release

A

T3 and T4

100
Q

corticoltropic releasing hormone and adrenal corticoltropic hormone will travel to the adrenal cortex and then it will

A

increase the sescretion like glucolcorticoids.

101
Q

gonadatropins are FSH and LH. they effect

A

males and females, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone sescretion.

102
Q

prolactin causes

A

milk production in pregnant females

103
Q

you need oxytocin for milk to come out but you need prolactin to

A

make the milk.

104
Q

Thyroid is a bilobed gland right underneath the

A

thyroid carteledge.

105
Q

every cell in your body has receptors for

A

thyroid hormone

106
Q

2 hormones secreted from the thyroid

A

T3 and T4

107
Q

iodine from the blood is taken into the thyroid gland,, the iodine is then oxidized then there is this protein made in the thyroid gland called.

A

thyroglobolin.

108
Q

thyroglobulin binds to

A

T3 and T4 to help them travel in the blood

109
Q

T3 and T4 are lipid soluble and thats why the thyroidglobulin helps them travel through the blood. they effect

A

protein synthesis

110
Q

T3 and T4 help in overall

A

metabolism.

111
Q

low levels of T3 and T4 will lower your

A

metabolic rate. part of aging is a low metabolic weight.

112
Q

parafollicular cells secrete

A

calcitonin

113
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

it regulates blood calcium levels and is antagonistic with the action of Parathyroid hormone.

114
Q

when you have elevatated calcium levels you will have an increase in

A

calcitonin to decrease calcium in blood

115
Q

parythyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone secretes in response to

A

low calcium levels.

116
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

increase osteoclast activity, increases calcium reabsorption by the kidnesy and increases vitamin D. We also release phosphate which will be excreted in the urine.

117
Q

phosphate gets excreted in the

A

urine

118
Q

adrenal glands sit above the kidneys they have two parts

A

adrenal medulla which is nervous tissue and the adrenal cortex

119
Q

secretions from adrenal medula

A

80% epi and 20% noepi - neuro hormones

120
Q

adrenal cortex has three divisions and each one has a different secretion

A

zonas glomerulosa - mineral corticoids. zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids and zona reticularous - androgens

121
Q

what is the major mineral corticoid from the zona gomerulosa?

A

aldosterone. secreted when there is low extra cellular sodium and high extra cellular potassium.

122
Q

What is the major secretin from zona fasiaculata?

A

cortisol.

123
Q

glucocorticoids have three basic roles

A

developmental, anti-inflamatory and metabolic

124
Q

babies need glucocorticoids for

A

fetal lung development

125
Q

glucocorticoids have what metabolic effect

A

glucose sparing effect

126
Q

secretions of glucocorticoids are because of

A

long term stress

127
Q

when you are exposed to long term stress you are more susceptible to being sick because you are

A

depressing the secretions from white blood cells

128
Q

short term stress causes

A

epi and norepi

129
Q

The major secretion for zona reticulularous

A

androgens

130
Q

pancreas has both

A

endocrine and exocrine cells

131
Q

in the endocrine portion of the pancreas we would see

A

insulin and glucogon

132
Q

glucagon is secreted by

A

alpha cells

133
Q

insulin is secreted by

A

beta cells

134
Q

insulin promotes glucose uptake by cells and

A

stimulates protein or amino acids synthesis in muscle

135
Q

diabetes melitus is an

A

autoimmune disease

136
Q

type II diabes is

A

non-insulin dependent. often in adult life.

137
Q

diabetes affects

A

microcirculation.

138
Q

the gonads release

A

estrogen, progestrogone, testosterone

139
Q

the pineal gland secretes

A

melatonin

A&PII (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions