Test 4 - Acid Base Flashcards
The water body content is about
40 Liters
What is the major body fluid compartment?
intercellular fluid
The plasma and the interstitial fluid are separated by the capillary walls, what kind of fluid is this
extracellular fluid
extracellular fluid includes
lymph and cerebral spinal fluid
what makes up extracellular fluid
solutes: electrolytes (have an electrical charge) nonelectrolytes (have no charge)
most of our water is within our cells
intracellular
interstitial fluid is the fluid that baths the cells
extracellular
extracellular fluid does not have
plasma proteins.
There is constant exchange of water between the chambers of intracellular and interstitial or extracellular
True
intracellular fluid consists of high amounts of
potassium and phosphate
how do we regulate the balance of water?
osmoreceptors
where are the osmoreceptors?
hypothalamus
When osmolarity is high the ______ will be stimulated
osmoreceptors
we get most of our water from our beverages and food
True
Most of our water is lost through your body through the urine
True
we lose some water through sweat
true
insensible water loss
water that is lost through your skin that is not sweat, you cannot feel it.
when we breath in the air is warmed and humidified so when we exhale we
are losing water
The ion responsible for high osmolarity is
sodium
what is the most common extracellular ion?
sodium
obligatory water loss
the smallest amount of urine that you need to produce everyday to release the waste products from the kidneys
when there are low levels of sodium there will be
an increase in aldosterone secretion
aldosterone will increase the number of
sodium and chloride transport proteins so that there is an increase in sodium reabsorption back into the blood and then water follows.
what plays a role when osmolarity is high?
ADH
What plays a role when osmolarity is low?
aldosterone
When you have low sodium and low water you will stimulate
baroreceptors
elevated blood pressure signals a _______ in vasoconstriction afferent arteriole and an ________ in the GFR and in urine production
decrease, increase
When the baroreceptors are stimulated what will happen?
decrease in blood volume and blood pressure
high blood pressure will increase
GFR
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
This is the only hormone so far that works opposite the rest. In response to elevated blood pressure the right atrium releases ANF. ANF will decrease Na+ and water reabsorption, causing an increase in urine production
if you had an increase in ADH, Renin, aldosterone and angio II what would that stimulate?
more water reabsorption and decrease urine production
when Atrial Natriuretic Factor gets elevated your urine output will
increase urine production
the major thing that stimulates aldosterone is
high extracellular potassium
high extracellular potassium is not common unless you have
trauma or blood loss to the cells
when there is blood loss your body will want to make less
urine
filtration is from the blood into the
nephron
reabsorbtion is from the nephron
back into the blood
secretion is from the blood
direction into the nephron skipping the glomerulus.
female sex hormones are steroid hormones and they come from
cholesterol
some of the female hormones can act like aldosterone and cause
water reabsorbtion
glucocorticoids may exhibit aldosterone affects and cause you to
retain water
The major hormone regulating potassium is
aldosterone
the big regulator of calcium is
parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone is secreted at the parathyroid gland in response to
low extracellular calcium
parathyroid hormone does a couple of things to increase blood calcium levels
absorb more calcium and break down bone to release the calcium and kidneys will reabsorb calcium back into the blood and increase phosphate secretion.
acid
noun - will increase the concentration of free hydrogen in a solution
base
will decrease the concentration of free hydrogen in a solution.
PH is a measure of the
concentration of free floating hydrogen
The PH scale is from
0-14
as you increase the concentration of hydrogen ions you will have a
lower PH
As you decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions you will have a
higher PH
An acid will _________ the amount of free hydrogen
increase
A base will _______ the amount of free hydrogen
remove
acidic and basic are
Adjectives
acidic means that the PH is
less than 7
Basic means that the PH is
greater than 7
nuetral means that the PH is
equal to 7
buffer resists changes in PH
True
A buffer tries to keep the PH
constant
Our blood Ph is between
7.35 and 7.45
alkalosis
if your blood PH is greater than 7.45
acidosis
if your blood PH is less than 7.35
3 major ways that we keep the PH constant
chemical
chemical buffer system
Consist of a weak acid and base working together to maintain blood pH. These chemicals act very rapidly to help maintain pH.
if you have a strong acid or base
it will completely disassociate into it’s ions in a solution
if you have a weak acid or base
It does not disassociate completely
weak acids and bases can be buffer systems
True
carbonate acid is a _______ acid
weak acid which means it does not fully disassociate in solution
bicarbonate is a _________ base
weak.
together carbonic acid and bicarbonate can work together to maintain
the concentration of free hydrogen.
There are three major chemical buffers, what are they?
Bicarbonate Buffer System, Phosphate buffer system and protein buffer system
bicarbonate is in the
extracellular fluid
Phosphate buffer system is
inracellular and urine
The most important chemical buffer systems are
protein buffer systems
75% of all buffering comes from
proteins
Every single protein in your body can be a
buffer. it can either take up a hydrogen or lose a hydrogen.
protein buffers work within seconds to keep our
PH constant
phsiological buffer system includes the
respiratory and urinary
Respiratory System Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration
The respiratory works rapidly, but not as fast as the chemical buffer systems. An increase in respiratory rate will raise blood pH. Of course this is because the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is available to convert CO2 and H2O to H2CO3 which breaks down to H+ and HCO3-
If you were to increase respiratory rate you will have
Less co2
if you have less co2 the equation, CO2 and H2O to H2CO3 which breaks down to H+ and HCO3-, will go to the left which means there will be
less free hydrogen and an increase in PH
If you have low respiratory rate (hold your breath)
You will have an increase in C02, more free hydrogen and your PH will go down.
protein buffer takes seconds, respiratory buffer takes minutes, urinary buffer takes days but it
fine tunes the PH
There are three major buffering systems in the kidneys, what are they?
bicarbonate, phosphate and ammonia
3 buffer systems
respiratory, renal and protein
respiratory acidosis stems from
a problem with the respiratory system and hence the respiratory system can not help to compensate for the problem.)
respiratory acidosis
is caused by retaining co2 (hyperventilating or decreased gas exchange)
if you had respiratory acidosis how would your body fix it?
kidneys and the chemical buffer systems.
metabolic acidosis
Caused by ingesting too much alcohol, excessive loss of HCO3-(bicarbonate) by diarrhea, or accumulation of lactic acid. The respiratory system can immediately compensate by increasing respiratory rate to eliminate CO2 and increase blood pH
in metabolic acidosis we would expect the person to have an ____ in respiratory rate
increase
if you had sever vomiting you’d have metabolic alcolosis or low free hydrogen and a high PH, the respiratory system would respond by _________ respiratory rate so you can retain Co2
decreasing
The _______ is very sensitive to PH changes
Central Nervous System
