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A&PII > Test 4 - Acid Base > Flashcards

Test 4 - Acid Base Flashcards

1
Q

The water body content is about

A

40 Liters

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2
Q

What is the major body fluid compartment?

A

intercellular fluid

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3
Q

The plasma and the interstitial fluid are separated by the capillary walls, what kind of fluid is this

A

extracellular fluid

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4
Q

extracellular fluid includes

A

lymph and cerebral spinal fluid

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5
Q

what makes up extracellular fluid

A

solutes: electrolytes (have an electrical charge) nonelectrolytes (have no charge)

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6
Q

most of our water is within our cells

A

intracellular

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7
Q

interstitial fluid is the fluid that baths the cells

A

extracellular

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8
Q

extracellular fluid does not have

A

plasma proteins.

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9
Q

There is constant exchange of water between the chambers of intracellular and interstitial or extracellular

A

True

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10
Q

intracellular fluid consists of high amounts of

A

potassium and phosphate

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11
Q

how do we regulate the balance of water?

A

osmoreceptors

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12
Q

where are the osmoreceptors?

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

When osmolarity is high the ______ will be stimulated

A

osmoreceptors

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14
Q

we get most of our water from our beverages and food

A

True

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15
Q

Most of our water is lost through your body through the urine

A

True

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16
Q

we lose some water through sweat

A

true

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17
Q

insensible water loss

A

water that is lost through your skin that is not sweat, you cannot feel it.

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18
Q

when we breath in the air is warmed and humidified so when we exhale we

A

are losing water

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19
Q

The ion responsible for high osmolarity is

A

sodium

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20
Q

what is the most common extracellular ion?

A

sodium

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21
Q

obligatory water loss

A

the smallest amount of urine that you need to produce everyday to release the waste products from the kidneys

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22
Q

when there are low levels of sodium there will be

A

an increase in aldosterone secretion

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23
Q

aldosterone will increase the number of

A

sodium and chloride transport proteins so that there is an increase in sodium reabsorption back into the blood and then water follows.

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24
Q

what plays a role when osmolarity is high?

A

ADH

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25
Q

What plays a role when osmolarity is low?

A

aldosterone

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26
Q

When you have low sodium and low water you will stimulate

A

baroreceptors

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27
Q

elevated blood pressure signals a _______ in vasoconstriction afferent arteriole and an ________ in the GFR and in urine production

A

decrease, increase

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28
Q

When the baroreceptors are stimulated what will happen?

A

decrease in blood volume and blood pressure

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29
Q

high blood pressure will increase

A

GFR

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30
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

A

This is the only hormone so far that works opposite the rest. In response to elevated blood pressure the right atrium releases ANF. ANF will decrease Na+ and water reabsorption, causing an increase in urine production

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31
Q

if you had an increase in ADH, Renin, aldosterone and angio II what would that stimulate?

A

more water reabsorption and decrease urine production

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32
Q

when Atrial Natriuretic Factor gets elevated your urine output will

A

increase urine production

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33
Q

the major thing that stimulates aldosterone is

A

high extracellular potassium

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34
Q

high extracellular potassium is not common unless you have

A

trauma or blood loss to the cells

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35
Q

when there is blood loss your body will want to make less

A

urine

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36
Q

filtration is from the blood into the

A

nephron

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37
Q

reabsorbtion is from the nephron

A

back into the blood

38
Q

secretion is from the blood

A

direction into the nephron skipping the glomerulus.

39
Q

female sex hormones are steroid hormones and they come from

A

cholesterol

40
Q

some of the female hormones can act like aldosterone and cause

A

water reabsorbtion

41
Q

glucocorticoids may exhibit aldosterone affects and cause you to

A

retain water

42
Q

The major hormone regulating potassium is

A

aldosterone

43
Q

the big regulator of calcium is

A

parathyroid hormone

44
Q

parathyroid hormone is secreted at the parathyroid gland in response to

A

low extracellular calcium

45
Q

parathyroid hormone does a couple of things to increase blood calcium levels

A

absorb more calcium and break down bone to release the calcium and kidneys will reabsorb calcium back into the blood and increase phosphate secretion.

46
Q

acid

A

noun - will increase the concentration of free hydrogen in a solution

47
Q

base

A

will decrease the concentration of free hydrogen in a solution.

48
Q

PH is a measure of the

A

concentration of free floating hydrogen

49
Q

The PH scale is from

A

0-14

50
Q

as you increase the concentration of hydrogen ions you will have a

A

lower PH

51
Q

As you decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions you will have a

A

higher PH

52
Q

An acid will _________ the amount of free hydrogen

A

increase

53
Q

A base will _______ the amount of free hydrogen

A

remove

54
Q

acidic and basic are

A

Adjectives

55
Q

acidic means that the PH is

A

less than 7

56
Q

Basic means that the PH is

A

greater than 7

57
Q

nuetral means that the PH is

A

equal to 7

58
Q

buffer resists changes in PH

A

True

59
Q

A buffer tries to keep the PH

A

constant

60
Q

Our blood Ph is between

A

7.35 and 7.45

61
Q

alkalosis

A

if your blood PH is greater than 7.45

62
Q

acidosis

A

if your blood PH is less than 7.35

63
Q

3 major ways that we keep the PH constant

A

chemical

64
Q

chemical buffer system

A

Consist of a weak acid and base working together to maintain blood pH. These chemicals act very rapidly to help maintain pH.

65
Q

if you have a strong acid or base

A

it will completely disassociate into it’s ions in a solution

66
Q

if you have a weak acid or base

A

It does not disassociate completely

67
Q

weak acids and bases can be buffer systems

A

True

68
Q

carbonate acid is a _______ acid

A

weak acid which means it does not fully disassociate in solution

69
Q

bicarbonate is a _________ base

A

weak.

70
Q

together carbonic acid and bicarbonate can work together to maintain

A

the concentration of free hydrogen.

71
Q

There are three major chemical buffers, what are they?

A

Bicarbonate Buffer System, Phosphate buffer system and protein buffer system

72
Q

bicarbonate is in the

A

extracellular fluid

73
Q

Phosphate buffer system is

A

inracellular and urine

74
Q

The most important chemical buffer systems are

A

protein buffer systems

75
Q

75% of all buffering comes from

A

proteins

76
Q

Every single protein in your body can be a

A

buffer. it can either take up a hydrogen or lose a hydrogen.

77
Q

protein buffers work within seconds to keep our

A

PH constant

78
Q

phsiological buffer system includes the

A

respiratory and urinary

79
Q

Respiratory System Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration

A

The respiratory works rapidly, but not as fast as the chemical buffer systems. An increase in respiratory rate will raise blood pH. Of course this is because the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is available to convert CO2 and H2O to H2CO3 which breaks down to H+ and HCO3-

80
Q

If you were to increase respiratory rate you will have

A

Less co2

81
Q

if you have less co2 the equation, CO2 and H2O to H2CO3 which breaks down to H+ and HCO3-, will go to the left which means there will be

A

less free hydrogen and an increase in PH

82
Q

If you have low respiratory rate (hold your breath)

A

You will have an increase in C02, more free hydrogen and your PH will go down.

83
Q

protein buffer takes seconds, respiratory buffer takes minutes, urinary buffer takes days but it

A

fine tunes the PH

84
Q

There are three major buffering systems in the kidneys, what are they?

A

bicarbonate, phosphate and ammonia

85
Q

3 buffer systems

A

respiratory, renal and protein

86
Q

respiratory acidosis stems from

A

a problem with the respiratory system and hence the respiratory system can not help to compensate for the problem.)

87
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

is caused by retaining co2 (hyperventilating or decreased gas exchange)

88
Q

if you had respiratory acidosis how would your body fix it?

A

kidneys and the chemical buffer systems.

89
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

Caused by ingesting too much alcohol, excessive loss of HCO3-(bicarbonate) by diarrhea, or accumulation of lactic acid. The respiratory system can immediately compensate by increasing respiratory rate to eliminate CO2 and increase blood pH

90
Q

in metabolic acidosis we would expect the person to have an ____ in respiratory rate

A

increase

91
Q

if you had sever vomiting you’d have metabolic alcolosis or low free hydrogen and a high PH, the respiratory system would respond by _________ respiratory rate so you can retain Co2

A

decreasing

92
Q

The _______ is very sensitive to PH changes

A

Central Nervous System

A&PII (17 decks)

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