Blood Flashcards
Formed Elements
includes all the cells (Erythrocytes -RBC, leukocytes-WBC, platelets) 45% of whole blood is formed elements.
Plasma
The liquid portion of the blood. Plasma is 55% of whole blood
Serum
Plasma with the clotting agent removed.
contents of plasma
straw colored, sticky fluid that is mostly water. solutes include, nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes and proteins and electrolytes
protein in plasma
albumins, globulins and fibrinogen
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
function of erythrocytes RBC
Transportation of respiratory gases, specifically oxygen.
why are erythrocytes red
hemoglobin has iron in it which is red. Each hemoglobin molecule contains 4 polypeptide chains and each chain contains one heme group. Each heme group carries O2, not CO2, and contains an atom of irons, which gives hemoglobin and hence blood its red color
reticulocytes
immature red blood cells that are released into the blood and need to circulate for two days until they are mature RBC
RBC are anucleated and hence will only live for
120 days
shape of the RBC and why
Biconcave disc to increase the surface area for more area for gas exchange. Also to fold to fit in capillaries.
Erythropoiesis
making red blood cells
All blood cells come from
The original stem cell - hemocytoblast which is located in the red bone marrow.
What are the kidneys role in low blood flow and low O2 levels?
Kidneys will secrete Erythropoietin, EPO, which works thru negative feedback mechanisms to increase erythropoiesis and RBC levels
Erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone that travel through the blood stimulates hemocytoblasts, to create red blood cells, in the red bone marrow of the long bones.
Dietary requirements for DNA synthesis
B-12 and folic acid and iron. a lack of them can cause anemia.
Where do red blood cells go to die
The spleen if there’s no spleen other lymphatic tissue will take up the slack.
what gets recycled in Red Blood Cells
hemoglobin is converted into bilibrubin.
bilirubin
A yellow pigment in the blood. picked up and secreted by the liver. most leave in the feces. it’s why when there is a liver problem people are yellow or jaundice
Leukocutes
White blood cells
What are the two types of white blood cells
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
types of Granulocytes
Philled with granules -. Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Types Agranulocytes
No granules in cyte: Agranulocytes, Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Neutrophils
Also called PMNs (polymorphonuclear) - beacause looks like it has more than one nucleus.
First cell that gets activated when you have a bacterial infection. They eat the bacterial cell, kill and then die. They get one phagocytic event.
Eosinophils
Stay red. Bilobed nucleus. elevated during parasitic infection. Also elevated during asthma and certain allergies
Basophils
So many granules you can’t see the nucleus. release histamine and heparin, elevated during inflammation
Lymphocytes
smallest white blood cell. some secrete antibodies, play a role in immunity
Monocytes
largest white blood cell. Have a kidney bean shaped nucleus. like the neutrophil they phagocytize bacteria, but are seen elevated during chronic bacterial infection.
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Most common to least common white blood cells. Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils.
What’s the most common white blood cell
Neutrophil
What’s the least common white blood cell
Basophils
Platelets
are cytoplasmic fragments megakaryocytes and play an important role in blood clotting
hemocytoblast
what all blood cells come from. Hematopoietic stem cell located in red bone marrow.
Hemostasis
Stop the Bleeding
Three main steps in hemostasis (stop the bleeding)
Vascular Spasms, Platelet Plug Formation, Coagulation
Vascular Spasms
the immediate response of a blood vessel to injury. The smooth muscle cells that line the blood vessel constrict to help stop blood loss. Work the best in small capillaries
Platelet Plug Formation
platelets stick together and form a plug that temporarily seals the break in a vessel.
Coagulation or blood clotting
actual blood clot - For clot formation the final activated factor is fibrin which is an insoluble protein and forms a fibrin meshwork around the platelet plug. This type of response can happen very quickly since all the necessary factors are present in the blood and just have to be activated. Hence a cascade effect gives a fast response.)
cascade or domino effect
proteins that are made that are circulating in us, inactive just waiting for one to be activated so more can be activated.
what is needed for blood clotting
calcium and vitamin K
What are the last 3 steps in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting
prothrombin activator, thrombin, fibrin
fibrin
an insoluble protein and forms a fibrin meshwork around the platelet plug
Clot Retraction and Repair
clot retraction is necessary to squeeze the serum from the clot and to bring the torn edges of the blood vessel closer together for repair. Platelets contain a protein called actinomyosin, just like actin & myosin, which causes the platelets to contract and the clot to retract.)
Fibrinolysis
this process is eventually necessary to dissolve the clot after healing of the blood vessels occurs. The protein plasmin in activated and begins breaking down the fibrin in the clot
plasminogen
it’s inactive until we get cut, then it forms plasmin and it breaks down the fiber and clot.
Factors Limiting Clot Growth or Formation
closer you to the injury there will be more coagulants, the further there will be more natural anti coagulants.
antigens
A protein and a carbohydrate that coats the outside of a redblood cell. Glycoprotein and glycolipid markers that allow cells to identify eachother.
Bloodtyping
Blood typing is done before a transfusion to make sure that the antigens don’t kill the foreign blood if it’s not the same type.
ABO Blood Groups
Antigen A means blood type A. B antigen means you have type B. if you A&B, you have AB it refers to which type is on the surgace
Type O blood
means the lack of A & B
antibodies
kill or remove or neutralize antigens.
bloodtyping
to figure out which antigens are on the surface
Rh Blood Groups
have RH or D blood
One molecule of hemoglobin can bind a maximum of __________ oxygen molecules
4
The migration of white blood cells out of the capillary blood vessels is called __________
diapedesis
T or F, Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can develop when an Rh+ woman is pregnant with an Rh– baby.
False
What is the main contributor to osmotic pressure
Albumin
Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response.
Gamma globulins
Necessary for coagulation
Fibrinogen
Transport proteins like transferrin (that carries iron ions) or others that bind to lipids or fat-soluble vitamins.
alpha and beta globulins
What protein involved in coagulation provides the activation for the final step in clotting?
Thrombin
hemostasis is important for
Stopping of bleeding
What factor stimulates platelet formation?
thrombopoietin
Heprin
A Natural anti-coagulant
Interleukins and CSF
stimulates WBC production
prostaglandin derivates such as Thromoxane A2
produced by platelets
spectrin
A fibrous protein that gives shape to an RBC plasma membrane
hematocrit
The percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes
erythrioblastosis fetalis
Mom is RH- fetus is RH+, mom is fine each pregnancy it can get worse. billirubin that causes the problem.
AB+
antigens AB RH, antibodies no anti A, anti B anti RH
pathway of blood flow through the heart
IVC, SVC - RA - TV - RV - pulVal - Pul trunk - pularteries-lungs-pul ven, LA, mitr, LV , aortic SLvalve, aorta, body
order of hemostasis
vascular spasm, platelet plut formating, coagulation or the blood clot,
secretions from platelets
platelets secrete chemicals that activate other platelets, thomboxine a2, seratonin, ADT to increase vascular spasms.
