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A&PII > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Formed Elements

A

includes all the cells (Erythrocytes -RBC, leukocytes-WBC, platelets) 45% of whole blood is formed elements.

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2
Q

Plasma

A

The liquid portion of the blood. Plasma is 55% of whole blood

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3
Q

Serum

A

Plasma with the clotting agent removed.

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4
Q

contents of plasma

A

straw colored, sticky fluid that is mostly water. solutes include, nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes and proteins and electrolytes

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5
Q

protein in plasma

A

albumins, globulins and fibrinogen

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6
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells

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7
Q

function of erythrocytes RBC

A

Transportation of respiratory gases, specifically oxygen.

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8
Q

why are erythrocytes red

A

hemoglobin has iron in it which is red. Each hemoglobin molecule contains 4 polypeptide chains and each chain contains one heme group. Each heme group carries O2, not CO2, and contains an atom of irons, which gives hemoglobin and hence blood its red color

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9
Q

reticulocytes

A

immature red blood cells that are released into the blood and need to circulate for two days until they are mature RBC

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10
Q

RBC are anucleated and hence will only live for

A

120 days

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11
Q

shape of the RBC and why

A

Biconcave disc to increase the surface area for more area for gas exchange. Also to fold to fit in capillaries.

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12
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

making red blood cells

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13
Q

All blood cells come from

A

The original stem cell - hemocytoblast which is located in the red bone marrow.

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14
Q

What are the kidneys role in low blood flow and low O2 levels?

A

Kidneys will secrete Erythropoietin, EPO, which works thru negative feedback mechanisms to increase erythropoiesis and RBC levels

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15
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone that travel through the blood stimulates hemocytoblasts, to create red blood cells, in the red bone marrow of the long bones.

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16
Q

Dietary requirements for DNA synthesis

A

B-12 and folic acid and iron. a lack of them can cause anemia.

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17
Q

Where do red blood cells go to die

A

The spleen if there’s no spleen other lymphatic tissue will take up the slack.

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18
Q

what gets recycled in Red Blood Cells

A

hemoglobin is converted into bilibrubin.

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19
Q

bilirubin

A

A yellow pigment in the blood. picked up and secreted by the liver. most leave in the feces. it’s why when there is a liver problem people are yellow or jaundice

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20
Q

Leukocutes

A

White blood cells

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21
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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22
Q

types of Granulocytes

A

Philled with granules -. Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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23
Q

Types Agranulocytes

A

No granules in cyte: Agranulocytes, Lymphocytes, Monocytes

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24
Q

Neutrophils

A

Also called PMNs (polymorphonuclear) - beacause looks like it has more than one nucleus.
First cell that gets activated when you have a bacterial infection. They eat the bacterial cell, kill and then die. They get one phagocytic event.

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25
Q

Eosinophils

A

Stay red. Bilobed nucleus. elevated during parasitic infection. Also elevated during asthma and certain allergies

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26
Q

Basophils

A

So many granules you can’t see the nucleus. release histamine and heparin, elevated during inflammation

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27
Q

Lymphocytes

A

smallest white blood cell. some secrete antibodies, play a role in immunity

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28
Q

Monocytes

A

largest white blood cell. Have a kidney bean shaped nucleus. like the neutrophil they phagocytize bacteria, but are seen elevated during chronic bacterial infection.

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29
Q

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A

Most common to least common white blood cells. Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils.

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30
Q

What’s the most common white blood cell

A

Neutrophil

31
Q

What’s the least common white blood cell

A

Basophils

32
Q

Platelets

A

are cytoplasmic fragments megakaryocytes and play an important role in blood clotting

33
Q

hemocytoblast

A

what all blood cells come from. Hematopoietic stem cell located in red bone marrow.

34
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stop the Bleeding

35
Q

Three main steps in hemostasis (stop the bleeding)

A

Vascular Spasms, Platelet Plug Formation, Coagulation

36
Q

Vascular Spasms

A

the immediate response of a blood vessel to injury. The smooth muscle cells that line the blood vessel constrict to help stop blood loss. Work the best in small capillaries

37
Q

Platelet Plug Formation

A

platelets stick together and form a plug that temporarily seals the break in a vessel.

38
Q

Coagulation or blood clotting

A

actual blood clot - For clot formation the final activated factor is fibrin which is an insoluble protein and forms a fibrin meshwork around the platelet plug. This type of response can happen very quickly since all the necessary factors are present in the blood and just have to be activated. Hence a cascade effect gives a fast response.)

39
Q

cascade or domino effect

A

proteins that are made that are circulating in us, inactive just waiting for one to be activated so more can be activated.

40
Q

what is needed for blood clotting

A

calcium and vitamin K

41
Q

What are the last 3 steps in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting

A

prothrombin activator, thrombin, fibrin

42
Q

fibrin

A

an insoluble protein and forms a fibrin meshwork around the platelet plug

43
Q

Clot Retraction and Repair

A

clot retraction is necessary to squeeze the serum from the clot and to bring the torn edges of the blood vessel closer together for repair. Platelets contain a protein called actinomyosin, just like actin & myosin, which causes the platelets to contract and the clot to retract.)

44
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

this process is eventually necessary to dissolve the clot after healing of the blood vessels occurs. The protein plasmin in activated and begins breaking down the fibrin in the clot

45
Q

plasminogen

A

it’s inactive until we get cut, then it forms plasmin and it breaks down the fiber and clot.

46
Q

Factors Limiting Clot Growth or Formation

A

closer you to the injury there will be more coagulants, the further there will be more natural anti coagulants.

47
Q

antigens

A

A protein and a carbohydrate that coats the outside of a redblood cell. Glycoprotein and glycolipid markers that allow cells to identify eachother.

48
Q

Bloodtyping

A

Blood typing is done before a transfusion to make sure that the antigens don’t kill the foreign blood if it’s not the same type.

49
Q

ABO Blood Groups

A

Antigen A means blood type A. B antigen means you have type B. if you A&B, you have AB it refers to which type is on the surgace

50
Q

Type O blood

A

means the lack of A & B

51
Q

antibodies

A

kill or remove or neutralize antigens.

52
Q

bloodtyping

A

to figure out which antigens are on the surface

53
Q

Rh Blood Groups

A

have RH or D blood

54
Q

One molecule of hemoglobin can bind a maximum of __________ oxygen molecules

A

4

55
Q

The migration of white blood cells out of the capillary blood vessels is called __________

A

diapedesis

56
Q

T or F, Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can develop when an Rh+ woman is pregnant with an Rh– baby.

A

False

57
Q

What is the main contributor to osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

58
Q

Antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response.

A

Gamma globulins

59
Q

Necessary for coagulation

A

Fibrinogen

60
Q

Transport proteins like transferrin (that carries iron ions) or others that bind to lipids or fat-soluble vitamins.

A

alpha and beta globulins

61
Q

What protein involved in coagulation provides the activation for the final step in clotting?

A

Thrombin

62
Q

hemostasis is important for

A

Stopping of bleeding

63
Q

What factor stimulates platelet formation?

A

thrombopoietin

64
Q

Heprin

A

A Natural anti-coagulant

65
Q

Interleukins and CSF

A

stimulates WBC production

66
Q

prostaglandin derivates such as Thromoxane A2

A

produced by platelets

67
Q

spectrin

A

A fibrous protein that gives shape to an RBC plasma membrane

68
Q

hematocrit

A

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes

69
Q

erythrioblastosis fetalis

A

Mom is RH- fetus is RH+, mom is fine each pregnancy it can get worse. billirubin that causes the problem.

70
Q

AB+

A

antigens AB RH, antibodies no anti A, anti B anti RH

71
Q

pathway of blood flow through the heart

A

IVC, SVC - RA - TV - RV - pulVal - Pul trunk - pularteries-lungs-pul ven, LA, mitr, LV , aortic SLvalve, aorta, body

72
Q

order of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm, platelet plut formating, coagulation or the blood clot,

73
Q

secretions from platelets

A

platelets secrete chemicals that activate other platelets, thomboxine a2, seratonin, ADT to increase vascular spasms.

A&PII (17 decks)

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