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A&PII > Digestion and Metabolism > Flashcards

Digestion and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK) causes the gallbladder to do what

A

contract and secrete concentrated bile

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2
Q

What does the concentrated bile secreted by gallbladder caused by CCK do?

A

emulsify fats

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3
Q

CCK caused the pancreas to secrete what?

A

an enzyme rich juice which will aid in digestion.

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4
Q

What is one of the major stimuli for Cholecystokinin?

A

presence of fats in the small intenstine or duodenum

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5
Q

Secretin caused the liver to do what?

A

secrete a dilute bile to help neutralize a low PH in the Duodenum or SI

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6
Q

secretin will cause the pancrease to secrete_____

A

a bicarbonate rich secretion or juice to help neutralize

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7
Q

When is secretin secretion needed?

A

when there is a low PH in the duodenum or SI

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8
Q

What is Chyme

A

Semifluid, creamy mass consisting of partially digested food and gastric juice

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9
Q

Protein digestion begin in the

A

stomach

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10
Q

fat digestion occurs primarily in the

A

small intestine

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11
Q

The only stomach function that is essential to life is

A

the secretion of intrinsic factor

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12
Q

intrinsic factor is required for

A

intestinal absorption of B12

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13
Q

What does secretin do?

A

helps raise the PH in the SI

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14
Q

secretin and CCK are usually secreted at the same time. T or F?

A

True

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15
Q

what makes up feces

A

undigested food, bacteria, water, epithelial cells,

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16
Q

If your thoracic duct is blocked what would not be absorbed

A

fats, fat soluble vitamins

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17
Q

fats, fat soluble vitamins gets absorbed through _________ which is part of the lymphatic system

A

thoracic duct

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18
Q

what is chyle?

A

fatty, milky white lymph that drains from the fingerlike villi of the intestinal mucosa

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19
Q

which hormone stimulate gastric secretions

A

gastrin

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20
Q

The more gastric secretions the more ___________ in the digestive system

A

motility

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21
Q

the 4 tunics in order from lumen side to outside

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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22
Q

The 4 tunics in order from outside to inside

A

serosa, muscularis, submucosa and mucosa

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23
Q

If a child swallowed a penny which layer of the alimentary canal would the penny be touching?

A

The mucosa layer

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24
Q

If a child swollows a penny and needs surgery to remove it, what is the first layer of the alimentary canal to be cut?

A

serosa

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25
Q

mucosal layer has what kind of cells?

A

epithelial cells and nerves

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26
Q

the submucosal layer has

A

glands and nerves

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27
Q

muscularis mucosa is made up of

A

muscles and nerves

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28
Q

serosa is mostly

A

outer connective tissue

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29
Q

mucosa layer and the submucosa are both innervated by

A

nerves

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30
Q

What do the nerve plexus in the muscularis and submucosa layer do?

A

They increase secretions and motility in that area.

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31
Q

when the nerves are in the glands of the alimentary canal it will cause

A

secretions

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32
Q

when the nerves are in the muscle of the alimentary canal it will cause

A

motility

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33
Q

what part of the CNS governs the nerve innervation in the alimentary canal?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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34
Q

role of pyloric sphincter

A

Valve of the distal end of the stomach that controls food entry into the duodenum.

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35
Q

if the pyloric sphincter was closed what would it prevent

A

the chime from going in the small intestine

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36
Q

ileocecal valve

A

Site where the small intestine joins the large intestine.

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37
Q

ileum

A

Terminal part of the small intestine; between the jejunum and the cecum of the large intestine.

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38
Q

Where does the small intestine begin and where does it end?

A

pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve

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39
Q

where does the small intestine join the large intestine

A

ileocecal valve

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40
Q

Bile leaves the liver lobes through the

A

right and left hepatic ducts.

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41
Q

what does the fusing of the right and left hepatic duct create?

A

the common hepatic duct

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42
Q

what does the common hepatic duct, travel downward towards?

A

the duodenum

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43
Q

the common hepatic duct travels downward towards the duodenum fusing with the cystic duct and drains the gallbladder to form the

A

bile duct

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44
Q

The common bile duct plus the pancreatic duct goes into the

A

small intestine

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45
Q

Esophagus is just a tube going from oral cavity to stomach made up of

A

stratified squamous.

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46
Q

What organ in gut does everything but does NOT make digestive enzymes

A

the liver

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47
Q

what is a hepatocyte

A

platelike, hexagonal (six sided) liver cells

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48
Q

hepatocytes have large amounts of

A

rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

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49
Q

hepatocytes in the liver can

A

secrete bile, process bloodborne nutrients in various ways, store fat soluble vitamins, detoxify.

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50
Q

what can’t the hepatocytes do?

A

they do not make digestive enzymes

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51
Q

what does the liver produce that helps with the emulsification of fats?

A

bile

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52
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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53
Q

anatomy of the large intestine

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus.

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54
Q

duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine.

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55
Q

what are the main types of gland cells of the stomach

A

parietal, chief and enteroendocrine cells

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56
Q

what do the parietal cells of the stomach secrete?

A

hydrochloric acid

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57
Q

what do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen which is the inactive form of pepsin.

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58
Q

what does enteroendocrine cells secrete

A

hormones like gastrin

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59
Q

pepsinogin needs to get cut or cleaved to pepsin in order to

A

be activated into pepsin.

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60
Q

The activation process of pepsin involves

A

removing a small peptide fragment from pepsinogen, causing it to change shape and expose its active site

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61
Q

liver lobules have corners what are they called

A

portal triad

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62
Q

low PH from the hydrochloric acid caused what to be activated

A

pepsinogen

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63
Q

pepsin is there to help begin

A

protein digestion

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64
Q

At each of the six corners of a lobules in the liver is a portal triad (portal tract region), so named because it contains three basic structures, what are they

A

A branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct.

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65
Q

in the portal triad in the liver, what does the branch of the hepatic artery do?

A

supplies oxygen-rich arterial blood to the liver

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66
Q

in the portal traid in the liver, what does the branch of the hepatic portal vein do?

A

carries venous blood laden with nutrients from the digestive viscera

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67
Q

Blood from both the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper percolates from the triad regions through these sinusoids and empties into the

A

central vein

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68
Q

From the central veins blood eventually enters the hepatic veins, which drain the liver, and empties into the

A

inferior vena cava

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69
Q

central vein

A

the middle part of the liver cell or hepatocyte.

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70
Q

The central veins of all the liver lobules unite to form the

A

hepatic vein which comes out of the liver and goes into the inferior vena cava

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71
Q

the hepatic vein empties into the

A

inferior vena cava

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72
Q

what are the three main roles of mesentery

A

to provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera. They hold organs in place and they can store fats.

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73
Q

What is a mesentery ?

A

a double layer of peritoneum—a sheet of two serous membranes fused back to back—that extends to the digestive organs from the body wall.

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74
Q

what are the specialized mesentary that store fats

A

greater or lesser omenta

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75
Q

what is the role of the mucous in the stomach

A

to protect the stomach from a low PH

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76
Q

The cephalic phase of gastric secretion happens when

A

before food enters the stomach

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77
Q

The cephalic phase is all in the head, it can be positive or negative it is triggered by aroma, taste, sight or thought. T or F?

A

True

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78
Q

The gastric phase is initiated by hormonal mechanisms when the

A

food or chyme reaches the stomach.

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79
Q

if the PH of the chyme that reaches the stomach has a PH lower than 2 what happens?

A

there is an inhibitory response to digestion until the ph is dealt with.

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80
Q

if the PH of the chyme that reaches the stomach has a PH higher than 2 what happens?

A

There is a stimulatory response which increases secretions and motility.

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81
Q

the small intestine doesn’t have a lining of mucous like the stomach, so what needs very strict control

A

PH

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82
Q

What is the function of the small intestine

A

almost all of the digestion happens in the small intestine and absorption

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83
Q

what is the function of the large intestine

A

absorption of water and where the body makes feces

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84
Q

what is bile

A

it’s a steroid that comes from cholesterol

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85
Q

What does bile do?

A

bile emulsifies fats and increase the surface area.

86
Q

does bile have any digestive function

A

no. it simply emulsifies fats

87
Q

what stimulates the secretion of bile?

A

either CCK which causes bile from the gallbladder or secretin which caused bile form the liver depending on whether you need concentrated or dilute

88
Q

if you don’t have gallbladder and you don’t have concentrated bile where does your bile come from?

A

liver. you’ll have a dilute bile and It won’t emulsify as well but will suffice

89
Q

what is the stimulus of the defecation reflex?

A

stretching of the rectum - stretch reflex.

90
Q

for the defecation reflex you have both the

A

external and internal anal sphincter relax.

91
Q

what kind of muscle and control is in the external sphincter

A

voluntarily controlled skeletal muscle

92
Q

what kind of muscle and control is in the internal sphincter

A

involuntarily controlled smooth muscle.

93
Q

What are the body’s most concentrated source of energy?

A

Fats

94
Q

Most products of fat digestion are transported in lymph in the form of fatty-protein droplets called

A

chylomicrons

95
Q

water-soluble lipoprotein droplets

A

chylomicrons

96
Q

Micelles

A

collections of fatty elements clustered together with bile salts in such a way that the polar (hydrophilic) ends of the molecules face the water and the nonpolar portions form the core.

97
Q

Micelles accelerate lipid digestion and

A

are essential for the absorption of it’s end product.

98
Q

Without bile, lipids could not be completely digested during the time food spends in the small intestine. True or False?

A

True

99
Q

chylomicrons are emptied into the venous blood via the

A

thoracic duct, which drains the lymphatics of the digestive viscera.

100
Q

what stimulates saliva secretion

A

food, smell, thought, chewing, time of day, cravings, conversation about food, etc.

101
Q

where is the ileocecal valve ?

A

Between the cecum and the large intestine.

102
Q

What does the ileocecal valve do?

A

Controls movement into the large intestine.

103
Q

_______ are fingerlike projections of the mucosa in the small intestine

A

Villi (vil′i; “tufts of hair”)

104
Q

In the Small Intestine, Microvilli are long, densely packed cytoplasmic extensions of the absorptive cells of the mucosa that give the mucosal surface a fuzzy appearance called the

A

brush border

105
Q

The plasma membranes of the microvilli bear enzymes referred to as brush border enzymes, which ______________

A

complete the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins in the small intestine.

106
Q

The most important brush border enzymes are ____________

A

dextrinase and glucoamylase

107
Q

What enzyme will you not have in the brush border?

A

Amylace

108
Q

What the two forms of amylace

A

salivatary and pacreatic

109
Q

What begins the break down of carbs in the mouth

A

salivary amylace

110
Q

Where does carbohydrate break-down pick up again in the gut and why?

A

pacrease becasue of pacreatic amylace

111
Q

what is the PH in the mouth

A

7

112
Q

what is the PH in the stomach

A

1-4

113
Q

What is the PH in the small intestine

A

closer to 7

114
Q

What is the PH in the small intestine

A

closer to 7

115
Q

if the PH in the duodenum is less than 2 what happens?

A

that decreases the gastrin

116
Q

if the PH in the duodenum is more than 2 what hapens

A

increases gastrin release

117
Q

what is catabolic

A

a break-down reaction

118
Q

what is anabolic

A

synthesis reaction

119
Q

metabolism is

A

the sum of all reactions

120
Q

Starch is

A

how plants store carbohydrates

121
Q

essential amino acids

A

you don’t make it enough or not at all and need to supplement through diet

122
Q

fat soluble vitamins are

A

absorbed with fats and stored with fats, ADEK and you can overdose on those

123
Q

cholesterol is a lipid more specifically

it is a

A

steroid

124
Q

Cholesterol is a precursor to all other steroids. T or F?

A

True

125
Q

if you don’t have cholesterol in your diet what organ will make it for you?

A

your liver will make cholesterol.

126
Q

what is the role of NADH – and FADH2

A

they carry electrons to the electron transport chain.

127
Q

What are like taxi cabs for electrons?

A

NADH and FADH2

128
Q

when is lactic acid produced?

A

when you have low oxygen levels

129
Q

when is pyruvate produced?

A

When you have enough oxygen

130
Q

glycolysis

A

converts (or breaks down) glucose to two pyruvic acid molecules. All parts of this process are reversible except for the first part.

131
Q

what is the major role of acetyl CoA?

A

enter the Kreb cycle

132
Q

beta oxydation is when you

A

how you breakdown lipids breakdown two carbons at a time from fatty acids. those two carbons are made into acetyle coa

133
Q

when does the body make ketones

A

when you breakdown too many fatty acids which will increase acetle coa which will up the ketones

134
Q

the acetyl CoA, beta osydation and ketone process is all

A

reversible

135
Q

oxidative deamination of amino acids

A

breakdown amino acids for energy because they enter the kreb cycle.

136
Q

aerobic means

A

with oxygen

137
Q

anaerobic means

A

without oxygen

138
Q

aerobic respiration (with Os) will produce how many ATP

A

34 ATP

139
Q

anaerobic respiration makes how many ATP

A

4 ATP

140
Q

what is basal metabolic rate? BMR

A

Rate at which energy is expended (heat produced) by the body per unit time under controlled. often referred to as the “energy cost of living”.

141
Q

how will have a higher BMR man or woman?

A

man

142
Q

who will have a higher BMR old person or young person?

A

young person

143
Q

what is the energy yield per gram for protein

A

1 gram of protein yields 4 kilocalories

144
Q

what is the energy yield per gram for carbohydrates

A

1 gram of carbohydrates yields 4 kilocalories

145
Q

what is the energy yield per gram for fat

A

1 gram of fat yields 9 grams of kilocalories

146
Q

fat or triglyceride is the major energy storage molecule because

A

for each gram your get twice as much energy source

147
Q

krebs cycle

A

Aerobic metabolic pathway occurring within mitochondria, in which food metabolites are oxidized and CO2 is liberated, and coenzymes are reduced. Also called the Krebs cycle.

148
Q

The __________ is the serous membrane that covers most digestive organs.

mesentery
visceral peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
omenta

A

visceral peritoneum

149
Q

The __________ circulation collects nutrient-rich venous blood draining from the digestive viscera.

pulmonary
splanchnic
enterohepatic
hepatic portal

A

hepatic portal

150
Q

From the esophagus to the anus, the walls of the alimentary canal have the same four basic tunics. The __________ is the outermost layer of the walls of the intraperitoneal organs.

serosa
submucosa
mucosa
muscularis

A

serosa

151
Q

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.

  • distribute hormones throughout the body
  • return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
  • carry toxins to the kidney for disposal through the urinary tract
  • collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver
A

collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver

152
Q

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.

lamina propria
mucosal lining
serosal lining
mesenteries

A

mesenteries

153
Q

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.

serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa
submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

154
Q

In the enteric nervous system, a long reflexive pathway has an advantage over a short reflexive pathway in the fact that ________.

A

long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by things outside of the GI tract

155
Q

Your patient has had a total gastrectomy (removal of the stomach). Which of these potential problems are you MOST concerned about?

  • Excessive bleeding as a result of absent clotting factors in the blood.
  • Inability to digest starch because of the –absence of amylase
  • Anemia
  • Inability to tolerate fats because of absent bile salts
A

anemia

156
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?
Saliva moistens food and helps compact it into a bolus.
Saliva contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of proteins.
Saliva cleanses the mouth.
Saliva dissolves food chemicals so that they can be tasted.

A

Saliva contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of proteins.

157
Q

What event triggers the opening of the gastroesophageal sphincter?

peristalsis in the esophagus
pH changes in the esophagus
constriction of the upper esophageal sphincter
detection of nutrients in the esophagus

A

peristalsis in the esophagus

158
Q

Another term for swallowing is deglutition.

True
False

A

True

159
Q

The soft palate reflexively opens the nasopharynx to allow the passage of food, which is now called a bolus.

True
False

A

False

160
Q

Which layer of the stomach contains the gastric pits that secrete mucus, acid, and digestive enzymes?

A

mucosa

161
Q

Which area of the stomach directly adjoins the small intestine?

A

pylorus

162
Q

The __________ phase of gastric secretion begins as chyme enters the duodenum.

gastric phase
cephalic
reflux
intestinal

A

intestinal

163
Q

An obstruction by a gallstone is least likely to occur in the ______.

common hepatic duct
bile duct
cystic duct
lumen of the hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

common hepatic duct

164
Q

The blood flow into the liver is via the ___________ and ___________, while blood exits the liver via the ______________.

A

hepatic portal vein; hepatic artery; hepatic vein

165
Q

The major outcome that occurs through mechanical digestive activities is
an increase in the surface area of food by breaking it into smaller fragments
propulsion of materials via peristalsis
chemical breakdown of food molecules
enteric reflex activation
facilitation of absorption

A

an increase in the surface area of food by breaking it into smaller fragments

166
Q

The stimulus for the release of pancreatic enzymes is
gastric distention
gastrin
bile salts
the presence of chyme in duodenum containing protein and fats
secretin

A

the presence of chyme in duodenum containing protein and fats

167
Q 
Protective collections of lymphocytes and macrophages that occur in the ileum are
		the gastric pits
		the Peyers patches
		the intestinal crypts
		the muscularis mucosae
		the muscularis externa
A

the Peyers patches

168
Q

During deglutition, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

169
Q

The primary chemical digestion that takes place in the stomach is

A

proteins

170
Q

Which sequence below represents the correct layering of the GI tract organs’ walls?

A

mucosa - submucosa - muscularis externa - serosa

171
Q

Which substance or occurrence would directly decrease gastric activity?

A

distention of duodenum

172
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine? I

A

it contains a large number of bacteria

173
Q

The propulsive function which occurs in the esophagus is called

A

peristalsis

174
Q

The function of a lacteal is to

A

absorb lipids

175
Q

Swallowing reflexes begin when receptors are stimulated by food in this structure:

A

pharynx

176
Q

This structure is a modified portion of the small intestines mucosa which greatly increases the absorptive surface area.

A

villa

177
Q

During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation

A

the stomach is initially stimulated, and later inhibited

178
Q

Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility?

A

gastrin

179
Q

Which coenzymes are reduced in both glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle?

A

NAD

180
Q

Most vitamins and minerals function as

A

coenzymes in the body

181
Q

The cell respiration process in which carbon dioxide is removed from a carbon source is

A

Krebs cycle

182
Q

The process in which glucose is converted to a storage form occurs where?

A

in the liver

183
Q

The process of cellular respiration

A

release energy stored in chemical bonds

184
Q

A major means for conserving heat is

A

vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

185
Q

Essential nutrients

A

can not be synthesized in the body

186
Q

In cellular respiration, how many ATP molecules are produced for each glucose metabolized?

A

36-38

187
Q

The thermoregulatory center is located in the

A

hypothalamus

188
Q

Which event would occur in the absorptive state?

A

insulin release

189
Q

Four main factors in the duodenum cause it to put the “brakes” on gastric secretion

A

Distension of the duodenum or the presence of acidic, fatty, or hypertonic chyme

190
Q

Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, whereas amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a

A

citric acid cycle intermediate

191
Q

Insulin directs essentially all events of the absorptive state

A

True

192
Q

Glycolysis is an ____________ process.

A

anaerobic

193
Q

glycolysis does not use oxygen and occurs whether or not oxygen is present. T or F?

A

True

194
Q

The final products of glycolysis are two molecules of _______, two molecules of __________, and two ____.

A

pyruvic acid, reduced NAD+ (NADH), and two H+.

195
Q

The citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle) is the next stage of glucose oxidation and is named for its first substrate. The citric acid cycle occurs in the

A

mitochondrial matrix and is fueled largely by pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis and by fatty acids resulting from fat breakdown.

196
Q

essential nutrients

A

cannot be made by the body and must be ingested. OR we might make it but we don’t make enough of it.

197
Q

carbs are

A

short term energy

198
Q

how do we store carbs?

A

we store them as glycogen

199
Q

how do plants store carb?

A

starch

200
Q

plants use carb in their cell walls which is called

A

cellulose or we call it fiber

201
Q

lipids are

A

long term energy

202
Q

how many amino acids are essential?

A

9

203
Q

how many amino acids are non-essential

A

11

204
Q

nitrogen balance

A

the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of protein breakdown and loss

205
Q

positive nitogren balance

A

you take in more than you breakdown - pregnant or growing children

206
Q

negative nitrogen balance

A

you breakdown more than you take in - starvation.

207
Q

The energy released from a catabolic reaction may be used to drive a

A

anabolic reaction

208
Q

redox reaction is when

A

electrons are moved from one molecule to the next

209
Q

Like glycolysis, none of the reactions of the citric acid cycle use oxygen directly. This is the exclusive function of the ____________ , which carries out the final catabolic reactions that occur on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

electron transport chain

210
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

basic amount of ATP that you need to maintain your body function at rest

211
Q

amylase breaks down

A

starch

A&PII (17 decks)

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