Test 4 Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the urinary system
A
PH balance, antimicrobial, filtration, overall water balance which will influence blood volume, which will influence blood pressure.
2
Q
Organs of Urinary system
A
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder urethra
3
Q
Kidneys are retroperitoneal which means what
A
inside the abdonimal pelvic cavity but location is against the body wall.
4
Q
indented part of the kidney where the renal artery come in and out is the
A
hillum or hillus
5
Q
waste leaves the kidneys in the form of urine through the
A
one uriter takes urine to the urinary bladder. Bladder only stores bladder
6
Q
adrenal glands are
A
on top of the kidneys.
7
Q
urine comes out of the body through the
A
urethra
8
Q
right kidneys is a little lower then the left, why?
A
because of the liver which is on the upper right quadrant
9
Q
The outside of the kidney is a
A
fibrous connective tissue capsule
10
Q
The fibrous connective tissue capsule on the kidney makes it ___________
A
tougher
11
Q
Outer AREA of the kidney is the
A
cortex
12
Q
the inner AREA of the kidney
A
Medulla
13
Q
Renal artery takes the blood____ the kidneys and the renal veins takes the blood________
A
in to, out
14
Q
At the tip of every renal pyramid is a small area called_________
A
papilla of pyramid
15
Q
urine is being made in the direction of the ______ to the _______
A
cortex, medulla
16
Q
urine drips from the end of the papilla into the channels called
A
minor calyx
17
Q
How many minor calyx per kidney
A
8-10
18
Q
3 or so minor calyx come together to form a larger channel called a
A
Major calyx
19
Q
The major calyx come together to form a
A
renal pelvis
20
Q
A major role of the kidney is to filter the blood therefore they are highly
A
vascularized
21
Q
Blood flows in the kidneys from the aorta to the inferior vena cava. along the way they branch. Put these things in order: Efferent arteriole, Glomerulus capillaries, Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta, Afferent arteriole
A
Afferent arteriole, Glomerulus capillaries, Efferent arteriole, Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
22
Q
The _______ is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney
A
nephron
23
Q
about how many nephrons are in the urinary system?
A
3 million
24
Q
what the nephron really is is a _________
A
tube
25
The very first part of the nephron is a knot of capillaries called the
glomerular capillaries.
26
the blood is filtered in the ________ of the nephron
Glomerular capilaries
27
filtered blood travels through the tube of the nephron at this point it is not called urine but ______
filtrate
28
The first part of the tube of the nephron
Proximal Convoluted tubule
29
filtrate goes from the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) to the
loop of the nephron or the loop of henley
30
first part of the loop of henley is the
descending limb
31
Order of anatomy of the Nephron
Proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henley, ascending loop of henley, distal convoluted tubulle and collecting duct
32
many distal convoluted tubules will dump filtrate into the
collecting duct
33
order for the blood vessels in the nephron will always be
afferent, glomerular, efferent, peritubular, vasa recta
34
Glomerulus is very important because that is where the blood is
filtered
35
glomeruli will filter how much filtrate per day?
180 liters of filtrate per day.
36
the capillaries of the nephron reabsorb about 99% of what we filter
T
37
Glomerulus (or glomerular capillaries)
a tuft of capillaries associated with each nephron. These capillaries are fenestrated and have a high permeability.
38
What capsule layer surrounds the glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
39
Renal Corpuscle of the nephron
Together the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule form the renal corpuscle
40
Visceral Layer of the kidney have what to help form a filtration barrier?
Podocytes sit over the glomerulus helping to form the filtration barrier
41
the lumen of the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole. Why?
The blood flows in to the afferent readily because of the big lumen. it has a harder time because of the smaller lumen which increases the blood pressure. This is important for filtration
42
part of the distal convoluted tubules come into contact with the afferent arterioal. this connection is alled the
juxtaglomerular complex
43
the cells called the macula densa secrete hormone due to the change in blood pressure of the afferent artiole, why?
because the cells are in direct contact to sense changes in blood pressure.
44
Sitting on top of the glamerular capillaries are specialized cells called
podocytes
45
What do podocytes do?
form a filtration barrier.
46
In order for something to come out of the blood and into your urine it has get across the
glomerular capillaries and into the slits of the podocytes to prevent things from getting into urine based on size.
47
renal tubule in order
proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
48
afferent arterioles are
low resistance
49
efferent arterioles are
high resistance
50
The nephron has a Portal system which consists of
two capillary beds in series without a pump in between
51
what specifically makes up the portral system of the nephron
the glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
52
This capillary bed of the nephron is VERY important in the reabsorption of filtrate
True
53
Juxtaglomerular complex
a region where the most distal portion of the ascending limb of the nephron loop lies against the afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus . The JGC includes 2 types of cells that help regulate the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure
54
the macula densa is a
osmoreceptor which means it will detect change in the osmotic pressure
55
granular or juxtaglomerular cells are in the arteriolar walls. They are secreting cells. what do they secrete?
renin
56
3 important proceses of the kidneys
1. filtration (happens in the glomerulous, liquid portion of the blood gets filtered) filtrate goes throug the tube of the nephron
2. reabsorption back into the blood
3. tubular secretion. directly from the blood, into the tube. it bipasses filtration.
57
What does the filtration membrane prevent?
This membrane exists to prevent large proteins and blood cells from leaving the blood and entering the urine
58
driving force to push the filtrate or fluid out of the blood is the
hydrostatic pressure
59
the driving force to pulling back in is the
blood colloidal osmotic pressure
60
capillary bed has a hydrostatic blood pressure that is twice as high because
the blood flows in readily to the large lumen of the afferent arteriole and then out the smaller lumen in the efferent arterole which causes the blood to back up and it increases blood pressure
61
in net filtration pressure there are two forces keeping the fluid in the space of the glomerular capsule
hydrostatic pressure in the space and blood colloidal osmotic
62
in net filtration pressure there is one force pushing out which is the
the blood hydrostatic pressure which should always be higher than the two keeping fluid in.
63
plasma proteins should not be in your urine, they stay in the blood because they are too large to get across the________
filtration membrane
64
There are three major pressures that play a role in determining filtration. What are they?
: Glomerular hydrostatic blood pressure, Blood colloidal osmotic pressure and Capsular hydrostatic pressure
65
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is directly proportional to
net filtration pressure
66
if filtration pressure is higher than you are going to
make more filtrate
67
if net filtration pressure is lower, you will
make less filtrate
68
You can have changes in your blood pressure but pretty constant GFR, why?
because we have extrinsic and intrinsic factors to make blood flow constant through the kidneys
69
low blood pressure - arm in chipper - instrinsic control
low blood pressure would lower GFR unless the smooth muscles would cause vasodiliation
70
The myogenic mechanism (mi″o-jen′ik) reflects a property of vascular smooth muscle—it _____________
contracts when stretched and relaxes when not stretched
71
If there is low blood flow into the kidneys they are going to respond by
dialating the afferent arteriole to help keep blood flow constant into each glomeulus.
72
what is extrinsic control of the blood pressure
hormonal control
73
Intrinsic control of blood pressure
myogenic control (property of blood vessels) and tubuloglomerular feedback
74
sympathetic nervous system controls are what kind of controls
extrinsic
75
The release of what 3 things will cause vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole to decrease blood pressure, blood flow and GFR
norepinephrine, sympathetic nervous system or epinephrine
76
slight to moderate influx in the sns will
not affect GFR
77
severe influx in the sns will
affect the GFR
78
65% of everything that gets filtered in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) get
reabsorbed.
79
As you go down the descending limb of the loop of henley the major thing that happens
reabsorption of water
80
Ascending limb of the loop of nephron is the only part that is
impermeable to water
81
ascending limb is NEVER
permeable to water
82
The ascending limb of the loop of nephron is permeable to
sodium and chloride
83
the distal convoluted tubulue and the collecting duct are the only parts that are
under hormonal control
84
Everything in the nephron will do what it always does until it gets to the DCT and collecting duct where what happens will be determined by what hormones are present.
True
85
typical osmolarity of your blood is
300
86
osmolarity of the filtrate is
300
87
at the tip of henley the osmolarity is the________it will ever be
highest
88
the osmotic pressure will be the lowest at the
top
89
osmolarity of urine will always be between
100 - 1200
90
What is the mechanism that is allowing the water to reabsorbed back into the blood
The medullary concentration gradient
91
The sodium and chloride are moving out of the ascending limb via
active transport - Ions are moving against their concentrating gradient - you need ATP for that.
92
Because sodium and chloride is moving against it's concentration gradient and getting pumped out it helps make the osmolarity of the filtrate get very_______
low
93
three anatomical parts that contribute to this medullary concentration gradient
the loop of Henley the vaso recta and uria
94
The loop of Henly and the Vaso Recta are both called
counter currents
95
What happens in the countercurrent of the Loop of Henly and the Vaso Recta?
they have fluid flowing in parallel tubes in opposite directions thru the tubes and there is an exchange of substances and fluid across the tubes.
96
The loop of Henley is also called a
Countercurrent multiplier because it utilizes active transport
97
Vaso Recta takes everything _____ the loop of henly takes everything______
Away, In
98
Urea
a biproduct of protein degredation
99
Before Urea gets excreted it circlates at the lower part of the loop which helps with the concentration gradient
True
100
ADH
anti diarrhetic hormone and is secreted from the hypothalamus
101
When you have high osmolarity coming into the hypothalamus the hypothalamus has osmo receptors and senses the osmolarity in response _______
it secretes ADH
102
ADH travels through the blood and gets to the kidney where there are receptors for ADH in the
distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and the collecting duct
103
ADH opens
water channels
104
if water channels are open this will
increase water reabsorption back into the blood and that will lower your osmolarity.
105
When you are increasing water reabsorption into the blood this allows you to make small volumes of
concentrated urine
106
aldosterone is secreted from the
adrenal cortex
107
adrenal glands sit above the
kidney
108
some of the cells in the adrenal cortex are going to sense low extra cellular sodium and high extra cellular potassium (which is opposite than usually) and in response they will secrete what?
aldosterone secretion
109
what would cause high extracellular potassium
cellular trauma
110
Aldosterone will increase the number of
sodium and chloride transport proteins so that there is an increase in sodium and chloride reabsorption.
111
aldosterone is a steroid affecting protein synthesis.
True
112
if sodium and chloride are reabsorbed what follows?
water reabsorption which will lead to small volumes of concentrated urine
113
Aldosterone will increase potassium secretion (bypass filtration) in to the urine and you then will
excrete it or pee it out
114
in response to low blood flow coming into the kidney the cells of the kidneys secrete
renin
115
renin is a hormone that travels in the blood but it is also an
enzyme
116
renin does what?
cuts angiotensinogen (which is inactive) and it will turn int to angiotensin 1 which is also inactive.
117
in the lungs angio 1 will be converted to_______ via ACE
angio 2
118
Angio II is a potent vaso constrictor which will
increase blood pressure
119
angio tensins 2 increases what hormone
aldosterone which will cause you to make small volumes of concentrated urine
120
ACE inhibitor will decrease
blood pressure
121
renal hypertension is
You make too much renin
122
renin DOES NOT make angiotensin 2
rather it cuts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 then it goes to the lungs and makes angiotensin 2
123
transport or tubular maximum is any substance that has a carrier or gets reabsorbed through carrier mediated diffusion. this happens with
glucose. Glucose should not be in your urine until the transports are saturated then you pee it out.
124
Why would a diabetic have glucose in their urine?
because they have exceeded the transport or tubular maximum
125
renal clearance
the volume of plasma from which the kidneys clear (completely remove) a particular substance in a given time (usually 1 min)
126
Renal clearance tests are done to determine the
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) which allows us to detect glomerular damage and follow the progress of renal disease.
127
Inulin has 3 qualities that make it a good molecule for determining clearance
1.it is completely filtered, 2. it is not reabsorbed, 3. it is not secreted.
128
what is the color range of urine
amber, pale yellow but it varies due to concentration and what you ingest like beets, supplements
129
odor of pee has to do with the
bacteria on the outside of the body is breaking down the pee and releases ammonia.
130
Ph of urine can be
4-8 with an average of 6
131
urine is acidic to decrease bacterial growth
True
132
Specific gravity rating of urine
will always be greater than 1.
133
most of urine is water but there are tons of
electrolytes.
134
What you will NOT see in urine
WBC, RBC and no large proteins and no glucose.
135
glucose should get 100% reabsorbed back into the blood
True
136
urine is moving from gravity and because of the
smooth muscle cells in the ureter that move urine.
137
internal sphincters are _________
smooth muscles and involuntarily controlled
138
external sphincters are __________
skeletal muscle and voluntarily controlled
139
micturition
to void your bladder
140
after the accumulation of ________ of urine in the bladder when you get the feeling to void
200ml
141
what is the difference between filtrate and urine
Filtrate contains everything found in the blood plasma except proteins. Urine contains unneeded substances such as excess salts and metabolic wastes.
142
Rising systemic blood pressure stretches vascular smooth muscle in the arteriolar walls, causing the afferent arterioles to constrict. This constriction restricts blood flow into the glomerulus and keeps the GFR at a level ideal for kidney function. What is this mechanism called?
Myogenic Mechanism
143
Declining systemic blood pressure causes dilation of afferent arterioles and raises
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
144
peritubular capillaries
tiny blood vessels, supplied by the efferent arteriole, that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.
