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A&PII > Test 4 Urinary System > Flashcards

Test 4 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

PH balance, antimicrobial, filtration, overall water balance which will influence blood volume, which will influence blood pressure.

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2
Q

Organs of Urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder urethra

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3
Q

Kidneys are retroperitoneal which means what

A

inside the abdonimal pelvic cavity but location is against the body wall.

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4
Q

indented part of the kidney where the renal artery come in and out is the

A

hillum or hillus

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5
Q

waste leaves the kidneys in the form of urine through the

A

one uriter takes urine to the urinary bladder. Bladder only stores bladder

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6
Q

adrenal glands are

A

on top of the kidneys.

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7
Q

urine comes out of the body through the

A

urethra

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8
Q

right kidneys is a little lower then the left, why?

A

because of the liver which is on the upper right quadrant

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9
Q

The outside of the kidney is a

A

fibrous connective tissue capsule

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10
Q

The fibrous connective tissue capsule on the kidney makes it ___________

A

tougher

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11
Q

Outer AREA of the kidney is the

A

cortex

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12
Q

the inner AREA of the kidney

A

Medulla

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13
Q

Renal artery takes the blood____ the kidneys and the renal veins takes the blood________

A

in to, out

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14
Q

At the tip of every renal pyramid is a small area called_________

A

papilla of pyramid

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15
Q

urine is being made in the direction of the ______ to the _______

A

cortex, medulla

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16
Q

urine drips from the end of the papilla into the channels called

A

minor calyx

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17
Q

How many minor calyx per kidney

A

8-10

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18
Q

3 or so minor calyx come together to form a larger channel called a

A

Major calyx

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19
Q

The major calyx come together to form a

A

renal pelvis

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20
Q

A major role of the kidney is to filter the blood therefore they are highly

A

vascularized

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21
Q

Blood flows in the kidneys from the aorta to the inferior vena cava. along the way they branch. Put these things in order: Efferent arteriole, Glomerulus capillaries, Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta, Afferent arteriole

A

Afferent arteriole, Glomerulus capillaries, Efferent arteriole, Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

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22
Q

The _______ is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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23
Q

about how many nephrons are in the urinary system?

A

3 million

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24
Q

what the nephron really is is a _________

A

tube

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25
Q

The very first part of the nephron is a knot of capillaries called the

A

glomerular capillaries.

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26
Q

the blood is filtered in the ________ of the nephron

A

Glomerular capilaries

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27
Q

filtered blood travels through the tube of the nephron at this point it is not called urine but ______

A

filtrate

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28
Q

The first part of the tube of the nephron

A

Proximal Convoluted tubule

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29
Q

filtrate goes from the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) to the

A

loop of the nephron or the loop of henley

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30
Q

first part of the loop of henley is the

A

descending limb

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31
Q

Order of anatomy of the Nephron

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henley, ascending loop of henley, distal convoluted tubulle and collecting duct

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32
Q

many distal convoluted tubules will dump filtrate into the

A

collecting duct

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33
Q

order for the blood vessels in the nephron will always be

A

afferent, glomerular, efferent, peritubular, vasa recta

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34
Q

Glomerulus is very important because that is where the blood is

A

filtered

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35
Q

glomeruli will filter how much filtrate per day?

A

180 liters of filtrate per day.

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36
Q

the capillaries of the nephron reabsorb about 99% of what we filter

A

T

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37
Q

Glomerulus (or glomerular capillaries)

A

a tuft of capillaries associated with each nephron. These capillaries are fenestrated and have a high permeability.

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38
Q

What capsule layer surrounds the glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule

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39
Q

Renal Corpuscle of the nephron

A

Together the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule form the renal corpuscle

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40
Q

Visceral Layer of the kidney have what to help form a filtration barrier?

A

Podocytes sit over the glomerulus helping to form the filtration barrier

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41
Q

the lumen of the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole. Why?

A

The blood flows in to the afferent readily because of the big lumen. it has a harder time because of the smaller lumen which increases the blood pressure. This is important for filtration

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42
Q

part of the distal convoluted tubules come into contact with the afferent arterioal. this connection is alled the

A

juxtaglomerular complex

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43
Q

the cells called the macula densa secrete hormone due to the change in blood pressure of the afferent artiole, why?

A

because the cells are in direct contact to sense changes in blood pressure.

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44
Q

Sitting on top of the glamerular capillaries are specialized cells called

A

podocytes

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45
Q

What do podocytes do?

A

form a filtration barrier.

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46
Q

In order for something to come out of the blood and into your urine it has get across the

A

glomerular capillaries and into the slits of the podocytes to prevent things from getting into urine based on size.

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47
Q

renal tubule in order

A

proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

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48
Q

afferent arterioles are

A

low resistance

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49
Q

efferent arterioles are

A

high resistance

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50
Q

The nephron has a Portal system which consists of

A

two capillary beds in series without a pump in between

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51
Q

what specifically makes up the portral system of the nephron

A

the glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

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52
Q

This capillary bed of the nephron is VERY important in the reabsorption of filtrate

A

True

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53
Q

Juxtaglomerular complex

A

a region where the most distal portion of the ascending limb of the nephron loop lies against the afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus . The JGC includes 2 types of cells that help regulate the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure

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54
Q

the macula densa is a

A

osmoreceptor which means it will detect change in the osmotic pressure

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55
Q

granular or juxtaglomerular cells are in the arteriolar walls. They are secreting cells. what do they secrete?

A

renin

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56
Q

3 important proceses of the kidneys

A
  1. filtration (happens in the glomerulous, liquid portion of the blood gets filtered) filtrate goes throug the tube of the nephron
  2. reabsorption back into the blood
  3. tubular secretion. directly from the blood, into the tube. it bipasses filtration.
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57
Q

What does the filtration membrane prevent?

A

This membrane exists to prevent large proteins and blood cells from leaving the blood and entering the urine

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58
Q

driving force to push the filtrate or fluid out of the blood is the

A

hydrostatic pressure

59
Q

the driving force to pulling back in is the

A

blood colloidal osmotic pressure

60
Q

capillary bed has a hydrostatic blood pressure that is twice as high because

A

the blood flows in readily to the large lumen of the afferent arteriole and then out the smaller lumen in the efferent arterole which causes the blood to back up and it increases blood pressure

61
Q

in net filtration pressure there are two forces keeping the fluid in the space of the glomerular capsule

A

hydrostatic pressure in the space and blood colloidal osmotic

62
Q

in net filtration pressure there is one force pushing out which is the

A

the blood hydrostatic pressure which should always be higher than the two keeping fluid in.

63
Q

plasma proteins should not be in your urine, they stay in the blood because they are too large to get across the________

A

filtration membrane

64
Q

There are three major pressures that play a role in determining filtration. What are they?

A

: Glomerular hydrostatic blood pressure, Blood colloidal osmotic pressure and Capsular hydrostatic pressure

65
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is directly proportional to

A

net filtration pressure

66
Q

if filtration pressure is higher than you are going to

A

make more filtrate

67
Q

if net filtration pressure is lower, you will

A

make less filtrate

68
Q

You can have changes in your blood pressure but pretty constant GFR, why?

A

because we have extrinsic and intrinsic factors to make blood flow constant through the kidneys

69
Q

low blood pressure - arm in chipper - instrinsic control

A

low blood pressure would lower GFR unless the smooth muscles would cause vasodiliation

70
Q

The myogenic mechanism (mi″o-jen′ik) reflects a property of vascular smooth muscle—it _____________

A

contracts when stretched and relaxes when not stretched

71
Q

If there is low blood flow into the kidneys they are going to respond by

A

dialating the afferent arteriole to help keep blood flow constant into each glomeulus.

72
Q

what is extrinsic control of the blood pressure

A

hormonal control

73
Q

Intrinsic control of blood pressure

A

myogenic control (property of blood vessels) and tubuloglomerular feedback

74
Q

sympathetic nervous system controls are what kind of controls

A

extrinsic

75
Q

The release of what 3 things will cause vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole to decrease blood pressure, blood flow and GFR

A

norepinephrine, sympathetic nervous system or epinephrine

76
Q

slight to moderate influx in the sns will

A

not affect GFR

77
Q

severe influx in the sns will

A

affect the GFR

78
Q

65% of everything that gets filtered in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) get

A

reabsorbed.

79
Q

As you go down the descending limb of the loop of henley the major thing that happens

A

reabsorption of water

80
Q

Ascending limb of the loop of nephron is the only part that is

A

impermeable to water

81
Q

ascending limb is NEVER

A

permeable to water

82
Q

The ascending limb of the loop of nephron is permeable to

A

sodium and chloride

83
Q

the distal convoluted tubulue and the collecting duct are the only parts that are

A

under hormonal control

84
Q

Everything in the nephron will do what it always does until it gets to the DCT and collecting duct where what happens will be determined by what hormones are present.

A

True

85
Q

typical osmolarity of your blood is

A

300

86
Q

osmolarity of the filtrate is

A

300

87
Q

at the tip of henley the osmolarity is the________it will ever be

A

highest

88
Q

the osmotic pressure will be the lowest at the

A

top

89
Q

osmolarity of urine will always be between

A

100 - 1200

90
Q

What is the mechanism that is allowing the water to reabsorbed back into the blood

A

The medullary concentration gradient

91
Q

The sodium and chloride are moving out of the ascending limb via

A

active transport - Ions are moving against their concentrating gradient - you need ATP for that.

92
Q

Because sodium and chloride is moving against it’s concentration gradient and getting pumped out it helps make the osmolarity of the filtrate get very_______

A

low

93
Q

three anatomical parts that contribute to this medullary concentration gradient

A

the loop of Henley the vaso recta and uria

94
Q

The loop of Henly and the Vaso Recta are both called

A

counter currents

95
Q

What happens in the countercurrent of the Loop of Henly and the Vaso Recta?

A

they have fluid flowing in parallel tubes in opposite directions thru the tubes and there is an exchange of substances and fluid across the tubes.

96
Q

The loop of Henley is also called a

A

Countercurrent multiplier because it utilizes active transport

97
Q

Vaso Recta takes everything _____ the loop of henly takes everything______

A

Away, In

98
Q

Urea

A

a biproduct of protein degredation

99
Q

Before Urea gets excreted it circlates at the lower part of the loop which helps with the concentration gradient

A

True

100
Q

ADH

A

anti diarrhetic hormone and is secreted from the hypothalamus

101
Q

When you have high osmolarity coming into the hypothalamus the hypothalamus has osmo receptors and senses the osmolarity in response _______

A

it secretes ADH

102
Q

ADH travels through the blood and gets to the kidney where there are receptors for ADH in the

A

distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and the collecting duct

103
Q

ADH opens

A

water channels

104
Q

if water channels are open this will

A

increase water reabsorption back into the blood and that will lower your osmolarity.

105
Q

When you are increasing water reabsorption into the blood this allows you to make small volumes of

A

concentrated urine

106
Q

aldosterone is secreted from the

A

adrenal cortex

107
Q

adrenal glands sit above the

A

kidney

108
Q

some of the cells in the adrenal cortex are going to sense low extra cellular sodium and high extra cellular potassium (which is opposite than usually) and in response they will secrete what?

A

aldosterone secretion

109
Q

what would cause high extracellular potassium

A

cellular trauma

110
Q

Aldosterone will increase the number of

A

sodium and chloride transport proteins so that there is an increase in sodium and chloride reabsorption.

111
Q

aldosterone is a steroid affecting protein synthesis.

A

True

112
Q

if sodium and chloride are reabsorbed what follows?

A

water reabsorption which will lead to small volumes of concentrated urine

113
Q

Aldosterone will increase potassium secretion (bypass filtration) in to the urine and you then will

A

excrete it or pee it out

114
Q

in response to low blood flow coming into the kidney the cells of the kidneys secrete

A

renin

115
Q

renin is a hormone that travels in the blood but it is also an

A

enzyme

116
Q

renin does what?

A

cuts angiotensinogen (which is inactive) and it will turn int to angiotensin 1 which is also inactive.

117
Q

in the lungs angio 1 will be converted to_______ via ACE

A

angio 2

118
Q

Angio II is a potent vaso constrictor which will

A

increase blood pressure

119
Q

angio tensins 2 increases what hormone

A

aldosterone which will cause you to make small volumes of concentrated urine

120
Q

ACE inhibitor will decrease

A

blood pressure

121
Q

renal hypertension is

A

You make too much renin

122
Q

renin DOES NOT make angiotensin 2

A

rather it cuts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 then it goes to the lungs and makes angiotensin 2

123
Q

transport or tubular maximum is any substance that has a carrier or gets reabsorbed through carrier mediated diffusion. this happens with

A

glucose. Glucose should not be in your urine until the transports are saturated then you pee it out.

124
Q

Why would a diabetic have glucose in their urine?

A

because they have exceeded the transport or tubular maximum

125
Q

renal clearance

A

the volume of plasma from which the kidneys clear (completely remove) a particular substance in a given time (usually 1 min)

126
Q

Renal clearance tests are done to determine the

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) which allows us to detect glomerular damage and follow the progress of renal disease.

127
Q

Inulin has 3 qualities that make it a good molecule for determining clearance

A

1.it is completely filtered, 2. it is not reabsorbed, 3. it is not secreted.

128
Q

what is the color range of urine

A

amber, pale yellow but it varies due to concentration and what you ingest like beets, supplements

129
Q

odor of pee has to do with the

A

bacteria on the outside of the body is breaking down the pee and releases ammonia.

130
Q

Ph of urine can be

A

4-8 with an average of 6

131
Q

urine is acidic to decrease bacterial growth

A

True

132
Q

Specific gravity rating of urine

A

will always be greater than 1.

133
Q

most of urine is water but there are tons of

A

electrolytes.

134
Q

What you will NOT see in urine

A

WBC, RBC and no large proteins and no glucose.

135
Q

glucose should get 100% reabsorbed back into the blood

A

True

136
Q

urine is moving from gravity and because of the

A

smooth muscle cells in the ureter that move urine.

137
Q

internal sphincters are _________

A

smooth muscles and involuntarily controlled

138
Q

external sphincters are __________

A

skeletal muscle and voluntarily controlled

139
Q

micturition

A

to void your bladder

140
Q

after the accumulation of ________ of urine in the bladder when you get the feeling to void

A

200ml

141
Q

what is the difference between filtrate and urine

A

Filtrate contains everything found in the blood plasma except proteins. Urine contains unneeded substances such as excess salts and metabolic wastes.

142
Q

Rising systemic blood pressure stretches vascular smooth muscle in the arteriolar walls, causing the afferent arterioles to constrict. This constriction restricts blood flow into the glomerulus and keeps the GFR at a level ideal for kidney function. What is this mechanism called?

A

Myogenic Mechanism

143
Q

Declining systemic blood pressure causes dilation of afferent arterioles and raises

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

144
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

tiny blood vessels, supplied by the efferent arteriole, that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.

A&PII (17 decks)

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