Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&PII > Test 2 - lymph, immunity, respiration > Flashcards

Test 2 - lymph, immunity, respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic system does what

A

returns fluids that have leaked from the vascular system back to the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 parts of the lymphatic system

A

lymph vessels, lymph (fluid) and lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lymphoid organs and tissues

A

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

organs included in the lymphoid organs and tissues

A

spleen, thymus, tonsils and the other lymphatic tissues scattered throughout the body and lymph nodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lymph

A

clear water. The interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels is called lymph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

A loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers. is found in virtually every body organ. not concrete or specific boundaries. Usually found under the skin or mucous membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph and house lymphocytes. They have a connective tissue capsule around the outside, highly vascularized they have Afferent vessels that bring the lymph in. leaves through the Efferent vessels, hillus is where the vessels enter and exit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Spleen

A

has two parts, white pulp and red pulp. It removes the bloodborne pathogens and aged red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

red pulp of spleen

A

is more vascularized. is where worn-out red blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

white pulp of spleen is

A

less vascularized. Where immune function takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What matures in the thymus gland

A

is where the t cells go to mature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to the thymus gland as people age

A

it shrinks and becomes harder to see or find.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thymus also secretes

A

hormones that help with immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tonsils are lymph

A

nodules not as complicated in structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

different types of tonsils

A

palatine, lingual, pharyngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

peyer’s patches

A

aggregated lymphoid nodules - large clusters of lymphoid follicles. located in teh walls of the distal portion of the small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lymphoid tissue

A

is an important component of the immune system because it houses and provides proliferation sites for lymphocytes, furnishes an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lymphoid tissue is largely composed of

A

loose connective tissue called reticular connective tissue which dominates all the lymphoid organs except the thymus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

lymphoid follicles (lymphoid nodules)

A

solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticualr fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lymphoid organs are grouped into two functional categories, what are they?

A

The primary lymphoid organs and the secondary lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

where B and T cells mature. The red bone marros and the thymus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

are where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigens and are activated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lymph node has two histologically distinct regions

A

The cortex and the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cortex of the lymph node has what kind of cells

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

medulla of the lymph node has what kind of cells

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

path of lymph through the lymph node

A

lymph enters the convex side of the lymph node through a number of AFFERENT lymphatic vessels, then to the SUBCAPSULAR SINUS, MEDULLARY SINUSES AND EXITS THE HILUM, exits through EFFERENT lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. a set of distributed lymphoid tissues strategically located in mucous membranes throughout the body. they guard the bodies entryways against pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

organs in the MALT

A

tonsils, peyer’s patch, appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

T lymphocytes mature in the

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which of the following is/are the most specific internal defense against disease?

A

T Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

T cells are a part of ___(whaty type of defensives?_____

A

the adaptive (specific) defenses against disease. They are involved in cell-mediated immunity as they defend the body against specific pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens?

A

skin and mucous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The first line of defense against disease is

A

intact skin and mucous membranes. If an antigen (pathogen) cannot enter the body, a secondary defense is unnecessary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes (B cells).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which of the following is not an antigen-presenting cells (APC)?

dendritic cell
B cell
macrophage
T cell

A

t-cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Vaccines provide what type of immunity?

A

artificially acquired active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them, you are exhibiting

A

active humoral immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

T lymphocytes mature in the

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which of the following is NOT a chemical barrier that helps prevent infections?

A

PH of the Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Although the blood is usually sterile, the slightly alkaline pH does

A

not prohibit pathogen growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q 
Which of the following would be a component of the body's first line of defense?
phagocytes
inflammation
mucous membranes
natural killer cells
A

mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q 
Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces?
impaired function
pain
edema (swelling)
heat
A

edema (swelling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Edema is caused when

A

release of fluids from blood vessels exceeds their uptake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Not only is blood flow increased to inflamed areas, but capillaries are made more permeable to fluid, resulting in

A

loss of fluid from the blood and tissue swelling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells?

A

Histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What cells are similar to mast cells but live in the blood and release histamine?

A

basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the effects produced by the release of inflammatory chemicals?

redness
vasoconstriction
increased access of clotting chemicals
attraction of neutrophils

A

vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Inflammatory chemicals dilate, rather than constrict, local arterioles and make local capillaries more

A

permeable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors?

A

Leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Interferon is

A

a small protein that can stimulate nearby healthy cells to defend themselves against viral infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q 
What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?
opsonins
complement
interferon
pyrogens
A

interferon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How do interferons protect against viral infection in healthy cells?

A

Interferons encourage the production of antiviral proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Which antimicrobial protein triggers inflammation?
complement
pyrogen
interferon

A

complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Discharge is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.
Discharge is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.
True
False

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
fever
T cell activation
opsonization
tissue repair

A

opsonization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Complement proteins stimulate inflammation, serve as

A

opsonins to aid in the phagocytosis of targeted antigens, and facilitate cytolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?
Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?
neutrophils
mast cells
macrophages
NK cells

A

mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Mast cells have granules that contain

A

histamines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Phagocytes are unable to adhere to bacteria that have external capsules concealing their membrane carbohydrates. Our immune system gets around this problem by coating such pathogens with __________.

phagosomes
opsonins
mucin
toll-like receptors

A

opsonins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Opsonins are

A

complement proteins or antibodies; both provide “handles” to which phagocyte receptors can bind. Any pathogen can be coated with opsonins, a process called opsonization (“to make tasty”), which greatly accelerates phagocytosis of that pathogen.
Provide Feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A

B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.

A

vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

opsonization

A

is the process of making pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis by decorating their surface with molecules that phagocytes can bind. Antibodies and complement proteins are examples of molecules that act as opsonins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?
insertion of MAC and cell lysis
opsonization
enhancement of inflammation
prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

A

prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Interferons_______

  • are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus
  • act by increasing the rate of cell division
  • interfere with viral replication within cells
  • are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
A

-interfere with viral replication within cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q 
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
agglutination
diapedesis
opsonization
chemotaxis
A

opsonization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Innate immune system defenses include ________.

A

phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Fever ________.

A

production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body’s thermostat to a higher setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Natural killer (NK) cells

A

can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Which of the areas seen the figure must be occupied by T lymphocytes, at least for a while, but is NOT required for the production of B lymphocytes?

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs immediately after which of these events?

A

activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Which of the following should produce naturally acquired, active immunity?

A

recovering from the chicken pox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q 
Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity?
antivenoms
infection
antibodies received in breast milk
vaccines
A

vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q 
Which of the following occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins?
neutralization
agglutination
complement fixation and activation
precipitation
A

neutralization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q 
Which mechanism(s) of antibody action triggers the response of a plasma protein that will result in a membrane attack complex?
complement activation
neutralization
precipitation
agglutination
A

complement activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Which mechanism(s) of antibody action result(s) in cell lysis?

A

complement activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Why are children given vaccinations?

A

so that they will develop antibodies against various disease-causing pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Active humoral immunity is acquired in what two ways.?

A

It is (1) naturally acquired via an active viral or bacterial infection and (2) artificially acquired via vaccines. Vaccines “prime” the immune response by providing a first meeting with pathogen associated antigens without an infection occurring.

81
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response is true?
A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.
A primary response leads to higher levels of antibodies than does a secondary response.
A primary response occurs faster than a secondary response.
The antibodies produced in a primary response bind to antigens more efficiently than the antibodies produced in a secondary immune response.

A

A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.

82
Q

A vaccine is effective because ________.

A

the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response

83
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Antibody secreting cells

84
Q

Plasma cells ________.

A

have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)

85
Q

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
infusion of weakened viruses
exposure to an antigen
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
booster shot of vaccine

A

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

86
Q

Antibodies typically act extracellularly in body fluids and are therefore considered part of the humoral branch of adaptive immunity. T or F?

A

TRUE

87
Q 
What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?
cytotoxic T (TC) cells
helper T (TH) cells
APCs
regulatory T (TReg) cells
A

cytotoxic T (TC) cells

88
Q

A class I MHC protein presents an antigen. What type of cell is likely presenting and to what type of cell would it be presented?
Any nucleated cell would present antigens to a CD4 cell.
An antigen-presenting cell (APC) would be presented to a CD4 cell.
Any nucleated cell would present antigens to a CD8 cell.
An antigen-presenting cell (APC) would present antigens to a CD8 cell.

A

Any nucleated cell would present antigens to a CD8 cell.

89
Q

Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
NK cells
T lymphocytes
dendritic cells
plasma cells

A

dendritic cells

90
Q

Which lymphocytes act as the bridge between the cellular and humoral responses?

A

helper T cells

91
Q

allograft

A

person to person graft

92
Q

autograft

A

self to self graft (like Jourden’s ear)

93
Q

xenograft

A

one species to another, animal to human (least viable)

94
Q

isograft

A

identical twin to identical twin

95
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?
Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?
antigenic
helper
regulatory
cytotoxic

A

antigenic

96
Q

Regulatory T cells ________.

may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells
decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases
aid B cells in antibody production

A

may function in preventing autoimmune reactions

97
Q

Cytotoxic T cells ________.
self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized
function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations
require the double recognition signal of class I MHC plus class II MHC on the target cell in order to function
can directly attack and kill other cells of the body

A

can directly attack and kill other cells of the body

98
Q

T helper cells ________.

bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin
release B7 proteins
often function to decrease the immune response
function in the adaptive immune system activation

A

function in the adaptive immune system activation

99
Q

Viral infection will provoke cell mediated immunity but will not activate a humoral response. T or F?

A

False

100
Q

Which of the following is a role of lymph nodes?

They produce lymph.
They filter lymph.
They produce red blood cells.
They return lymph to circulation.

A

They filter lymph.

101
Q

Once collected, lymph is ultimately transported into __________.

lymph nodes
the liver for detoxification
arterial circulation
venous circulation

A

venous circulation

102
Q 
Which of the following lymphoid cells trap antigens and transport them to lymph nodes
plasma cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
T lymphocytes
A

dendritic cells

103
Q

Dendritic cells assist in the immune response by capturing antigens and delivering them to

A

T cells in the lymph nodes.

104
Q

Which lymphoid organ(s) serve(s) in removing aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood?
Which lymphoid organ(s) serve(s) in removing aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood?
the lymph nodes
the tonsils
the spleen
the thymus

A

the spleen

105
Q

Which lymphoid organ(s) serve(s) as the site where T lymphocytes become immunocompetent T cells?

thymus gland
red bone marrow
thyroid gland
tonsils

A

thymus gland

106
Q

Which of the following distinguishes lymphatic vessels from veins?
lymphatics have valves, while veins do not.
lymphatics lack the three tunics present in veins.
lymphatics transport fluids toward the heart.
lymphatics collect larger materials

A

lymphatics collect larger materials

107
Q

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system makes blood cells through a process known as hematopoiesis.
The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood.
The lymphatic system produces high fluid pressures to assist in lymph motion.
The lymphatic system transports blood and lymph throughout the body.

A

The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood.

108
Q

Where are the three large clusters of superficial lymph nodes?

the lumbar, inguinal, and femoral regions
the cervical, acromial, and mammary regions
the axillary, brachial, and subclavian regions
the cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions

A

the cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions. (neck, groin, armpit)

109
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

to carry pathogens towards lymph nodes
to return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
to participate in gas exchange at capillaries
to transport absorbed lipids from the small intestine to the bloodstream

A

to participate in gas exchange at capillaries

110
Q

Which statement correctly describes the origin of lymph fluid?

Lymph is fluid collected from arteriovenous anastomoses.
Lymph is collected from fluid that accumulates in veins as blood slowly circulates back toward the heart.
Lymph is excess tissue fluid formed from plasma that has leaked from capillaries
Lymph is secreted into the lymph vessels

A

Lymph is excess tissue fluid formed from plasma that has leaked from capillaries

111
Q

Which of these lymphoid organs is organized with trabeculae and compartments containing white pulp and red pulp?

A

Spleen

112
Q

Although B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the ________.
Although B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the ________.
spleen
tonsils
thymus
appendix

A

thymus

113
Q

What region of the lymph node contains follicles filled with dividing B cells?

A

cortex

114
Q

Lymph arrives at the lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels. T or F?

A

True

115
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches located?

A

distal portion of the small intestine

116
Q

The __________ tonsil(s) is/are referred to as the adenoids if enlarged.

pharyngeal
lingual
tubal
palatine

A

pharyngeal

117
Q

Peyer’s patches are mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue located in the __________.

liver
wall of the small intestine
wall of the colon
spleen

A

wall of the small intestine

118
Q

The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.

Peyer’s tonsils
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils
pharyngeal tonsils

A

lingual tonsils

119
Q

Which lymphoid organs and tissues are characterized by a cortex and medulla?

lymph nodes and thymus only
lymph nodes, thymus and spleen only
spleen and thymus only
lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) only

A

lymph nodes and thymus only

120
Q

Which lymphoid organ atrophies as we age?

tonsils
thymus
spleen
appendix

A

thymus

121
Q

The blood testis barrier is to newly formed sperm cells as the blood thymus barrier is to ________.

white pulp
plasma cells
mast cells
T lymphocyte precursors

A

T lymphocyte precursors

122
Q

Which of the following lymphoid tissues/organs do(es) NOT contain reticular connective tissue?

thymus
tonsils
spleen
lymph nodes

A

thymus

123
Q

Any pathogen can be coated with opsonins, a process called opsonization (“to make tasty”), which greatly accelerates phagocytosis of that pathogen.

A

opsonization

124
Q

Aggregates of lymphoid nodules located in the wall of the ileum are

A

Peyer’s Patch

125
Q

This structure attached to the cecum is in an ideal place to destroy bacteria before it migrates into the ileum

A

appendix

126
Q

What lymphatic structure absorbs lipids in the intestine

A

lacteal

127
Q

Often people suffering from a throat infection complain of “swollen glands.” What is the actual problem?

A

some of their lymph nodes in the throat are full of bacteria

128
Q

To assist with lymph return

A

lymph vessels possess valves, like veins, to prevent backflow

129
Q

A major function of the lymphatic system is

A

return of tissue fluid to cardiovascular system

130
Q

In addition to lymphoid function, this organ holds a reservoir of platelets

A

spleen

131
Q

The structural framework of lymphoid tissue is offered by

A

reticular connective tissue

132
Q

This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self antigens:

A

autoimmune

133
Q

This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self antigens:

A

autoimmune

134
Q

Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells

A

through insertion of perforins into the target¹s membrane

135
Q

These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever.

A

pyrogens

136
Q

The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen resulting in a secondary response is called a(n)

A

memory cell

137
Q

Active, artificially acquired immunity is a result of

A

vaccination

138
Q

Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense?

A

mucous membranes

139
Q

Antibodies are produced in cells called

A

plasma cells

140
Q

Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are

A

T lymphocytes

141
Q

Which type of molecule is produced by viral-infected cells to communicate to noninfected cells of the presence of a virus?

A

interferon

142
Q

Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response?

A

it occurs much more rapidly than a primary response

143
Q

Complement proteins work by

A

forming pores in the membranes of target cells

144
Q

When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, this is an indication that

A

inflammation is occurring

145
Q

Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

A

natural killer cells

146
Q

Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response?

A

helper T-cells

147
Q

Which cells phagocytize antigen-bearing cells and bind them to their MHCs?

A

antigen presenting cells

148
Q

MAC complex

A

Membrane attack complex or terminal compliment complex. is a structure typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host’s complement system, and as such is one of the effector proteins of the immune system.

149
Q

complement

A

A group of bloodborne proteins, which, when activated, enhance the inflammatory and immune responses and may lead to cell lysis.

150
Q

cell lysis

A

Lysis refers to the breaking down of the cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a “lysate”.

151
Q

role of antigen presenting cell

A

to precent the processed antigen to the helper T cell. It

152
Q

antibodies are secreted from

A

plasma cells

153
Q

plasma cells are

A

activated B cells

154
Q

what do antibodies do

A

neutralize the antigen

155
Q

primary immune response

A

when antigen comes in contact with immune system for the first time. The immune system has to learn to recognize the antigen for next time

156
Q

secondary immune response

A

happens due to memory. it’s a faster, bigger, more severe response. More antibodies and more activated cells.

157
Q

T and B cells comes from red bone marrow, which ones comes out mature

A

B

158
Q

what part are B cells associated with

A

humoral immunity. When they get activated they make plasma cells to get the antibody.

159
Q

Both b and t make

A

memory cells

160
Q

helper T

A

receive the processed antigen and activate the cytotoxic T cells and B cells. They are a link between the two types of specific immunity.

161
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

can directly kill the antigen

162
Q

suppressor T

A

will contain the immune response. keep it localized

163
Q

which cells make memory cells

A

every cell in specific immunity - T and B, helper T, cytotoxic T,

164
Q

passive immunity

A

get your antibodies from somewhere.

Passive Natural - from mom,
Passive artificial - antibody injections.

165
Q

active immunity

A

you are making your own antibodies. The memory cells make this immunity life long.
Active Natural - exposure to the antigen
Active Artificial - vaccine

166
Q

role of lymphokind

A

anything secreted from a lymphocite

167
Q

role of interferon

A

secreted from a cell and it protects the neighboring cells. Super hero protein. self sacrifice -

168
Q

interleukins

A

positive chemicals - secreted by a helper T they will stimulate T cells and B cells to divide or secrete

169
Q

complient

A

series of plasma proteins, cascade reaction. when you finally get compliment you get MAC complex that can poke a hole. compliment with enhance phagocytosis.

170
Q

opsonization

A

compliment coats antigen/antibody complex and then this enhances phagocytosis of this antigen/antibody complex

171
Q

active humoral immunity

A

When your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them

172
Q

Complement activation

A

the chief antibody defense used against cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells. When several antibodies bind close together on the same cell, the complement-binding sites on their stem regions align and complement is activated ( p. 788). Membrane attack complexes may insert into the antigenic cell’s surface, triggering cell lysis.

173
Q

variable antibodies

A

changes and binds to antigen

174
Q

fixed regions of antibodies

A

doesn’t change and binds to complement

175
Q

non-specific defenses

A

skin, mucous membrane, sneezing, tears, saliva, urine, coughing, cells like macrophages that are phacocytic, NKiller cells, interferon, complement, fever, cytokines

176
Q

specific immunity

A

involes T and B cells and memory.

177
Q

thymus

A

where t cells go to mature

178
Q

spleen

A

where old red blood cells go to die, macrophages eat them. it’s a blood reserve, has immunity

179
Q

why do lymph nodes swell during infection

A

because the increased proliferation or division of lymphocytes at germinal enters.

180
Q

lymph nodules are found in the

A

respiratory system - tonsils and digestion - peyer’s patch

181
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A

immunity, absorption of fats from the small intestine and also fluid maintenance.

182
Q

maturation of b cells happen in the

A

bone marrow

183
Q

maturation of t cells happensin the

A

thymus

184
Q

basophil and mast cell both secrete histamine, what is different about them

A

mast cells are fixed, basophils are mobile

185
Q

air enters lungs via

A

secondary bronchi

186
Q

anatomy of respiratory tree in order of more to less cartiledge

A

trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sac, alveoli.

187
Q

where does the conducting zone end

A

at the terminal

188
Q

anatomy of alveoli

A

type 1 - simple squamous epithelial cells. type 2, simple cuboidal cell - these cells have macrophages and secrete surfactant

189
Q

how does volume and pressure change during inspiration and expiration

A

during inspriation you have action potential that go down the phrenetic nerve that causes the diaphramto contract and flatten. there will be an increase in volume and decrease in pressure that will cause air to flow in.

190
Q

expiration

A

no more action potential, diaphram relaxes and becomes done shaped. the volume goes down, pressure goes up and pressure flows out

191
Q

role of surfactant and its effect on surface tension

A

it lowers surface tension 40x. if you don’t have surfactant you have a higher surface tension and harder to inflate lungs

192
Q

anatomy of respiratory membrane

A

The membrane separating air within the alveoli from the blood within pulmonary capillaries. It consists of the alveolar wall, the capillary wall, and their basement membranes. The respiratory membrane is very thin (less than 0.5 mm).

193
Q

Partial Pressure Gradients and Gas Solubilities

A

Partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 drive the diffusion of these gases across the respiratory membrane. O2 diffuses rapidly from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood (Figure 22.20).

194
Q

Blood transports CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three forms

A

Dissolved in plasma, Chemically bound to hemoglobin, As bicarbonate ions in plasma

195
Q

role of phrenic nerve

A

phrenic nerves intervate the diaphragm and come from from C3, C4, C5 – C3,4,5 keep the man alive

196
Q

phrenic nerve

A

The phrenic nerve is a mixed motor/sensory nerve which originates from the C3-C5 spinal nerves in the neck. The nerve is important for breathing because it provides exclusive motor control of the diaphragm, the primary muscle of respiration.

197
Q

shunted blood

A

venous blood enters the bloodstream without passing through functioning lung tissue. Shunting of blood may result from abnormal vascular (blood vessel) communications or from blood flowing through unventilated portions of the lung

198
Q

which situations would result in shunted blood

A

Asthma, bronchitis, pulmonary edema

199
Q

solubility differences for CO2 and O2

A

CO2 is 20x more soluble than oxygen.

A&PII (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions