Reproduction Flashcards
scrotum holdes the testes. Why are they on the outside of the body?
so they can be help 3 degrees less than the body which is necessary for sperm development.
two major muscles in the scrotum that help maintain temperature
dartos and cremaster
Testes are surrounded by 2 layers of connective tissue or tunics what are they?
tunica vaginalis and albuginea
What two tunics or connective tissue are on male and females
tunica vaginalis and albuginea
There are many anatomical similarities between males and females since our reproductive structures arise from the same fetal structures
True
there are typically two testes per male and are divided into 300 lobules by the
septa
Each lobule of the teste contains up to 4
seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced
what is the route sperm take when leaving the testes?
seminiferous tubules, rete testis, the efferent ductules, epididymis
Interstitial endocrine cells, or Leydig
lie in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules. These cells produce
androgens (most importantly testosterone) and small amounts of estrogens, which they secrete into the surrounding interstitial fluid
where are sperm produced
seminiferous tubules
what are the cells that produce testosterone and where are they located?
The interstitial cells of Leydig, testes
What do they clip in a vasectomy?
ductus Vas deferens
Penis (Anatomical words to know:
perineum, glans penis, prepuce, corpus spongiosum and cavernosa (which are the erectile tissues of the penis), and bulb of the penis.)
Epididymis is where the sperm
mature
How many day might it take for the sperm to move through the 20 ft tube of the epididymis?
It can take them up to 20 days to move thru this 20 foot tube
Sperm can be stored in the epididymis for
months
Ductus Deferens
Leads into ejaculatory duct. It is this tube that is cut during a vasectomy.)
Urethra is a Common pathway for both sperm and urine. What are the 3 regions:
prostatic, membranous, and spongy.
What is the longest part of the urethra in men?
Spongy is the longest part, up to 6 inches in length.
prostatic urethra is near
the prostrate gland
Seminal Vesicle secretions contribute to 60% of semen and contain
fructose, coagulation factors and prostaglandins
Seminal Vesicle secretions contribute to 60% of semen come from the ______ and contain
prostrate gland, fructose, coagulation factors and prostaglandins
Prostate contributes 30% of ______ and contains a milky fluid, with ________
semen, fibrinolysin
Prostate gland makes up 30% of ______ and contains a milky fluid, with ________
semen, fibrinolysin
Bulbourethral glands
makes up less than 10% of semen produce what?
mucus to neutralize the acidic urethra
Semen has ______ to nourish the sperm.
fructose
Clotting factors are there to cause coagulation of the semen so it stays together during ejaculation. Then lysis factors break up the clot to allow the sperm to swim freely inside the woman
True
As a generalization, the male sex act is a series of predictable responses is this true in females?
No
Studies have shown that following the injection of adrogens into the male there is a predictable series of events. When the adrogens are injected into the female, there is no set pattern of response
True
the order of secretions into the prostetic urethra
semenal, vas deferons,
root of the penis is
close to the body
glans is
the head of the penis
middle part of penis is the
shaft
the vascularized shaft of the penis become when filled up with blood
erectile tissue
Name the two parts of the penis that fill up with blood during erection
corpus spongiosum and corpus cabinosa
the order of the glands that sperm are traveling through
vans deferons, seminal vesicles, prostrate gland, bolbo-urethral gland
you can describe the fluid of semen as a
milky white secretion
prostaglanins are derived from fatty acids and they cause
smooth muscle contraction
prostaglanins are deposited in the female reproductive tract to help
propell the sperm forward
what type of the nervous system is involved during erection
parasympathetic nervous system.
vasodialation happens during erection which
enlarges and engorges the penis
erection can be enforced or inhibited by many factors:
touch, mechanical stimulation, sights, sounds, smells, emotions and higher mental activity
ejaculation
sperm being forced out of the male
emission is when
semen is entering the ducts
the order for men is
erection, emission, ejaculation,
during ejaculation the bladder sphincter
constricts to prevent the release of urine into the urethra.
the psns is involved in _______ the sns is involved in ________
erection, ejaculation
if sperm isn’t ejaculated the sperm will get
absorbed into the male body.
Spermatogenesis is the process of
producing sperm
every gametes (egg or sperm) need to have how many chromosomes
23 chromosomes
what is the diploid number?
46 (23 from egg, 23 from sperm)
meiosis is
A series of nuclear divisions that reduce the chromosome number from 46 to 23
from one spermatogonium, immature sperm, there will arise
4 spermatozoa, mature sperm
Sperm is a way to carry
23 chromosomes to the egg
the head of the sperm carries the
23 chromosomes
midpiece of the sperm has
mitochondria to make ATP
The tail of the sperm is necessary for them to
swim or move
The tail of the sperm is necessary for them to
swim or move through the female body
the tip of the head of the sperm is called
acrosome which contains enzymes which allow the sperm to penetrate the egg
men have spermatogonium which has 46 chromosomes, everytime you make sperm the sperm undergos
mitosis which makes the cell break down into two cells. one is saved for later
when it comes to sperm production: for every 1 you get 4 and one is always reserved for next time
True
In mitosis you start with one cell and make an identical daugher cells
True
in mieosis you make gemes which are not identical and they have half the amount of chromosomes
True
Sustentacular or setoli cells or nurse cells help
nourish the sperm.
there is a blood testis barrier which protects the sperm from
the white blood cells in the man so they don’t attack the sperm
testosterone is needed for
puberty or the maturation of reproductive organs, the production of sperm and the development of the secondary sex characteristics
testosterone levels stay pretty constant in men
True
What controls the onset of puberty in males?
is a change in the threshold of the hypothalamus to inhibiting levels of testosterone
you need both follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone for
sperm production
low levels of testosterine will stimulate
follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing to make sperm
puberty happens when there is a sensitivity of the hypothalamus to
androgens
ovaries are held in place by
ligaments
the follicle of the ovaries contain
immature eggs or oocytes
the ovary has a cortex and medulla
True
what surrounds the eggs?
Granulosa cells surround the eggs
The medulla of the ovary contains
mainly blood vessels.
Like the testis there is a tunica albuginea
True
egg is released from the ovary and travel through the
fallopian tube
uterine tubes or fallopian tubes receive the
ovulated oocyte and this is where fertilization occurs
Fimbriae sweep over the ovary to help guide the oocyte into the fallopian tubes and prevent the loss of the egg into the peritioneal cavity, which could result in an ectopic pregnancy
True
parts of the uterus
body, fundus, cervix
what type of tissue support the uterus?
ligaments
What are the three layers that make up the uterine wall?
Perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium
Perimetrium in the uterine wall is the
outermost layer
myometrium in the uterine wall is the
middle layer and made up of smooth muscle that contracts during childbirth
endometrium
mucosal lining that has 2 layers the functional layer which is shed during menstruation and the basal layer which is deeper and forms the new functional layer after menstruation ends
the uturus is ______ which is important for the cyclic changes the uterus undergoes each month
highly vascularized
Vagina Extends from
cervix to exterior of body
Typically the vagina has an acidic environment to
prevent infection.
External Genitalia in women
mons pubis, labia majora and minors, vestibule, clitoris (erectile tissue comparable to the penis), and perineum.)
Mammary Glands are present in males and females but only functional in females
True
Mammary glands are
Modified sweat glands which contain large amounts of adipose tissue
Parts of the mammary glands:
areola, nipple, lobes which are divided into lobules, alveoli and lactiferous ducts and sinus where milk accumulates
mammary glands are help in place by
ligaments which is why they sag with age
the ovaries have eggs in
all different stages of maturation
eggs are in the cortex what is in the medulla?
blood supply
os is the name of the
hole in the cervix
the wall of the uterus is mostly
myometrium - smooth muscle
top mound of uterus is called
fundus
inner layer of the uterus is
endometrium, the epithelial layer that gets shed during mensuration.
spiral arteries
play a role in menstrual cycle
clitoris is what kind of tissue?
erectile tissue comparable to the penis
mammary glands are modified
sweat glands
mammary glands have lobules and alveoli which is where the
milk is produced
milk travels to the lactiferous duct and is stored in the
lactiferous sinus and then comes out the nipple
Oogenesis (Comparable to spermatogensis, but differences so occur
True
in fetal life you have 2 million eggs but by the time you hit puberty you have 400,000 and you only ovulate about
400
many oocytes start to mature every month but only
one is ovulated.
Primary oocytes are produced during fetal life and are arrested in
prophase I until puberty
The ovulated oocyte is not completely mature, it is arrested this time in metaphase II and will only complete meiosis if it is
fertilized by a sperm
how many eggs are produced from the original cell?
one
As the egg mature it mature within a series of protective cells called the
follicle
two phases in the ovary are the
follicular and luteal phase
Ovulation occurs when the
vesicular follicle ruptures and the secondary oocyte is expelled from the ovary
Ovulation usually occurs at day
14
The follicular phase is a period of
follicle growth from day 1 to day 14
during the follicular phase
the oocyte enlarges, the cells surrounding the oocyte proliferate, a fluid-filled cavity, antrum, forms around the oocyte. The primary follicle develops into the secondary follicle. As the antrum continues to enlarge, secondary follicle become the vesicular follicle. The antrum continues to expand and can be said to look like a blister ready to pop. The primary oocyte completes meiosis I and becomes the secondary oocyte
Luteal Phase
the vesicular follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and estrogen
the phases of mentruation is
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase
If pregnancy occurs this will become the ________ of pregnancy and will secrete hormones until the placenta has developed in approximately 3 months.
corpus luteum
. If there is no pregnancy it will become the ______ _____and is scarlike and may remain for months or years
corpus albicans
the placenta is a
gland of pregnancy.
in the corpus luteum with disintegrate if you are not pregnant but if you are it will turn into the
placenta
Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian Cycle
the same basic hormones as in males, GnRH, FSH and LH
At puberty the hypothalamus begins to be less sensitive to estrogen and begins to release GnRH in the cyclic pattern of the adult woman.
True
The first menstrual period is called
menarche
there is a LH hormone surge around what time?
ovulation
the main role of progesterone is to maintain the
uterine lining
when the progesterone levels drop in female what happens
menstration.
males tend to have a refractory period of minutes to hours. it increases with age. women do not have a refractory stage. which means
women can have multiple orgasm during one sexual encounter
HCG hormone of pregnancy
the hormone that the embryo secretes to help maintain the uterine lining and to help everything go smoothly.
