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A&PII > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

scrotum holdes the testes. Why are they on the outside of the body?

A

so they can be help 3 degrees less than the body which is necessary for sperm development.

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2
Q

two major muscles in the scrotum that help maintain temperature

A

dartos and cremaster

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3
Q

Testes are surrounded by 2 layers of connective tissue or tunics what are they?

A

tunica vaginalis and albuginea

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4
Q

What two tunics or connective tissue are on male and females

A

tunica vaginalis and albuginea

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5
Q

There are many anatomical similarities between males and females since our reproductive structures arise from the same fetal structures

A

True

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6
Q

there are typically two testes per male and are divided into 300 lobules by the

A

septa

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7
Q

Each lobule of the teste contains up to 4

A

seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced

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8
Q

what is the route sperm take when leaving the testes?

A

seminiferous tubules, rete testis, the efferent ductules, epididymis

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9
Q

Interstitial endocrine cells, or Leydig

lie in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules. These cells produce

A

androgens (most importantly testosterone) and small amounts of estrogens, which they secrete into the surrounding interstitial fluid

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10
Q

where are sperm produced

A

seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

what are the cells that produce testosterone and where are they located?

A

The interstitial cells of Leydig, testes

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12
Q

What do they clip in a vasectomy?

A

ductus Vas deferens

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13
Q

Penis (Anatomical words to know:

A

perineum, glans penis, prepuce, corpus spongiosum and cavernosa (which are the erectile tissues of the penis), and bulb of the penis.)

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14
Q

Epididymis is where the sperm

A

mature

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15
Q

How many day might it take for the sperm to move through the 20 ft tube of the epididymis?

A

It can take them up to 20 days to move thru this 20 foot tube

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16
Q

Sperm can be stored in the epididymis for

A

months

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17
Q

Ductus Deferens

A

Leads into ejaculatory duct. It is this tube that is cut during a vasectomy.)

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18
Q

Urethra is a Common pathway for both sperm and urine. What are the 3 regions:

A

prostatic, membranous, and spongy.

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19
Q

What is the longest part of the urethra in men?

A

Spongy is the longest part, up to 6 inches in length.

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20
Q

prostatic urethra is near

A

the prostrate gland

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21
Q

Seminal Vesicle secretions contribute to 60% of semen and contain

A

fructose, coagulation factors and prostaglandins

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22
Q

Seminal Vesicle secretions contribute to 60% of semen come from the ______ and contain

A

prostrate gland, fructose, coagulation factors and prostaglandins

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23
Q

Prostate contributes 30% of ______ and contains a milky fluid, with ________

A

semen, fibrinolysin

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24
Q

Prostate gland makes up 30% of ______ and contains a milky fluid, with ________

A

semen, fibrinolysin

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25
Q

Bulbourethral glands

makes up less than 10% of semen produce what?

A

mucus to neutralize the acidic urethra

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26
Q

Semen has ______ to nourish the sperm.

A

fructose

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27
Q

Clotting factors are there to cause coagulation of the semen so it stays together during ejaculation. Then lysis factors break up the clot to allow the sperm to swim freely inside the woman

A

True

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28
Q

As a generalization, the male sex act is a series of predictable responses is this true in females?

A

No

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29
Q

Studies have shown that following the injection of adrogens into the male there is a predictable series of events. When the adrogens are injected into the female, there is no set pattern of response

A

True

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30
Q

the order of secretions into the prostetic urethra

A

semenal, vas deferons,

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31
Q

root of the penis is

A

close to the body

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32
Q

glans is

A

the head of the penis

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33
Q

middle part of penis is the

A

shaft

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34
Q

the vascularized shaft of the penis become when filled up with blood

A

erectile tissue

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35
Q

Name the two parts of the penis that fill up with blood during erection

A

corpus spongiosum and corpus cabinosa

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36
Q

the order of the glands that sperm are traveling through

A

vans deferons, seminal vesicles, prostrate gland, bolbo-urethral gland

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37
Q

you can describe the fluid of semen as a

A

milky white secretion

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38
Q

prostaglanins are derived from fatty acids and they cause

A

smooth muscle contraction

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39
Q

prostaglanins are deposited in the female reproductive tract to help

A

propell the sperm forward

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40
Q

what type of the nervous system is involved during erection

A

parasympathetic nervous system.

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41
Q

vasodialation happens during erection which

A

enlarges and engorges the penis

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42
Q

erection can be enforced or inhibited by many factors:

A

touch, mechanical stimulation, sights, sounds, smells, emotions and higher mental activity

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43
Q

ejaculation

A

sperm being forced out of the male

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44
Q

emission is when

A

semen is entering the ducts

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45
Q

the order for men is

A

erection, emission, ejaculation,

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46
Q

during ejaculation the bladder sphincter

A

constricts to prevent the release of urine into the urethra.

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47
Q

the psns is involved in _______ the sns is involved in ________

A

erection, ejaculation

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48
Q

if sperm isn’t ejaculated the sperm will get

A

absorbed into the male body.

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49
Q

Spermatogenesis is the process of

A

producing sperm

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50
Q

every gametes (egg or sperm) need to have how many chromosomes

A

23 chromosomes

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51
Q

what is the diploid number?

A

46 (23 from egg, 23 from sperm)

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52
Q

meiosis is

A

A series of nuclear divisions that reduce the chromosome number from 46 to 23

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53
Q

from one spermatogonium, immature sperm, there will arise

A

4 spermatozoa, mature sperm

54
Q

Sperm is a way to carry

A

23 chromosomes to the egg

55
Q

the head of the sperm carries the

A

23 chromosomes

56
Q

midpiece of the sperm has

A

mitochondria to make ATP

57
Q

The tail of the sperm is necessary for them to

A

swim or move

58
Q

The tail of the sperm is necessary for them to

A

swim or move through the female body

59
Q

the tip of the head of the sperm is called

A

acrosome which contains enzymes which allow the sperm to penetrate the egg

60
Q

men have spermatogonium which has 46 chromosomes, everytime you make sperm the sperm undergos

A

mitosis which makes the cell break down into two cells. one is saved for later

61
Q

when it comes to sperm production: for every 1 you get 4 and one is always reserved for next time

A

True

62
Q

In mitosis you start with one cell and make an identical daugher cells

A

True

63
Q

in mieosis you make gemes which are not identical and they have half the amount of chromosomes

A

True

64
Q

Sustentacular or setoli cells or nurse cells help

A

nourish the sperm.

65
Q

there is a blood testis barrier which protects the sperm from

A

the white blood cells in the man so they don’t attack the sperm

66
Q

testosterone is needed for

A

puberty or the maturation of reproductive organs, the production of sperm and the development of the secondary sex characteristics

67
Q

testosterone levels stay pretty constant in men

A

True

68
Q

What controls the onset of puberty in males?

A

is a change in the threshold of the hypothalamus to inhibiting levels of testosterone

69
Q

you need both follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone for

A

sperm production

70
Q

low levels of testosterine will stimulate

A

follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing to make sperm

71
Q

puberty happens when there is a sensitivity of the hypothalamus to

A

androgens

72
Q

ovaries are held in place by

A

ligaments

73
Q

the follicle of the ovaries contain

A

immature eggs or oocytes

74
Q

the ovary has a cortex and medulla

A

True

75
Q

what surrounds the eggs?

A

Granulosa cells surround the eggs

76
Q

The medulla of the ovary contains

A

mainly blood vessels.

77
Q

Like the testis there is a tunica albuginea

A

True

78
Q

egg is released from the ovary and travel through the

A

fallopian tube

79
Q

uterine tubes or fallopian tubes receive the

A

ovulated oocyte and this is where fertilization occurs

80
Q

Fimbriae sweep over the ovary to help guide the oocyte into the fallopian tubes and prevent the loss of the egg into the peritioneal cavity, which could result in an ectopic pregnancy

A

True

81
Q

parts of the uterus

A

body, fundus, cervix

82
Q

what type of tissue support the uterus?

A

ligaments

83
Q

What are the three layers that make up the uterine wall?

A

Perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium

84
Q

Perimetrium in the uterine wall is the

A

outermost layer

85
Q

myometrium in the uterine wall is the

A

middle layer and made up of smooth muscle that contracts during childbirth

86
Q

endometrium

A

mucosal lining that has 2 layers the functional layer which is shed during menstruation and the basal layer which is deeper and forms the new functional layer after menstruation ends

87
Q

the uturus is ______ which is important for the cyclic changes the uterus undergoes each month

A

highly vascularized

88
Q

Vagina Extends from

A

cervix to exterior of body

89
Q

Typically the vagina has an acidic environment to

A

prevent infection.

90
Q

External Genitalia in women

A

mons pubis, labia majora and minors, vestibule, clitoris (erectile tissue comparable to the penis), and perineum.)

91
Q

Mammary Glands are present in males and females but only functional in females

A

True

92
Q

Mammary glands are

A

Modified sweat glands which contain large amounts of adipose tissue

93
Q

Parts of the mammary glands:

A

areola, nipple, lobes which are divided into lobules, alveoli and lactiferous ducts and sinus where milk accumulates

94
Q

mammary glands are help in place by

A

ligaments which is why they sag with age

95
Q

the ovaries have eggs in

A

all different stages of maturation

96
Q

eggs are in the cortex what is in the medulla?

A

blood supply

97
Q

os is the name of the

A

hole in the cervix

98
Q

the wall of the uterus is mostly

A

myometrium - smooth muscle

99
Q

top mound of uterus is called

A

fundus

100
Q

inner layer of the uterus is

A

endometrium, the epithelial layer that gets shed during mensuration.

101
Q

spiral arteries

A

play a role in menstrual cycle

102
Q

clitoris is what kind of tissue?

A

erectile tissue comparable to the penis

103
Q

mammary glands are modified

A

sweat glands

104
Q

mammary glands have lobules and alveoli which is where the

A

milk is produced

105
Q

milk travels to the lactiferous duct and is stored in the

A

lactiferous sinus and then comes out the nipple

106
Q

Oogenesis (Comparable to spermatogensis, but differences so occur

A

True

107
Q

in fetal life you have 2 million eggs but by the time you hit puberty you have 400,000 and you only ovulate about

A

400

108
Q

many oocytes start to mature every month but only

A

one is ovulated.

109
Q

Primary oocytes are produced during fetal life and are arrested in

A

prophase I until puberty

110
Q

The ovulated oocyte is not completely mature, it is arrested this time in metaphase II and will only complete meiosis if it is

A

fertilized by a sperm

111
Q

how many eggs are produced from the original cell?

A

one

112
Q

As the egg mature it mature within a series of protective cells called the

A

follicle

113
Q

two phases in the ovary are the

A

follicular and luteal phase

114
Q

Ovulation occurs when the

A

vesicular follicle ruptures and the secondary oocyte is expelled from the ovary

115
Q

Ovulation usually occurs at day

A

14

116
Q

The follicular phase is a period of

A

follicle growth from day 1 to day 14

117
Q

during the follicular phase

A

the oocyte enlarges, the cells surrounding the oocyte proliferate, a fluid-filled cavity, antrum, forms around the oocyte. The primary follicle develops into the secondary follicle. As the antrum continues to enlarge, secondary follicle become the vesicular follicle. The antrum continues to expand and can be said to look like a blister ready to pop. The primary oocyte completes meiosis I and becomes the secondary oocyte

118
Q

Luteal Phase

A

the vesicular follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and estrogen

119
Q

the phases of mentruation is

A

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

120
Q

If pregnancy occurs this will become the ________ of pregnancy and will secrete hormones until the placenta has developed in approximately 3 months.

A

corpus luteum

121
Q

. If there is no pregnancy it will become the ______ _____and is scarlike and may remain for months or years

A

corpus albicans

122
Q

the placenta is a

A

gland of pregnancy.

123
Q

in the corpus luteum with disintegrate if you are not pregnant but if you are it will turn into the

A

placenta

124
Q

Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian Cycle

A

the same basic hormones as in males, GnRH, FSH and LH

125
Q

At puberty the hypothalamus begins to be less sensitive to estrogen and begins to release GnRH in the cyclic pattern of the adult woman.

A

True

126
Q

The first menstrual period is called

A

menarche

127
Q

there is a LH hormone surge around what time?

A

ovulation

128
Q

the main role of progesterone is to maintain the

A

uterine lining

129
Q

when the progesterone levels drop in female what happens

A

menstration.

130
Q

males tend to have a refractory period of minutes to hours. it increases with age. women do not have a refractory stage. which means

A

women can have multiple orgasm during one sexual encounter

131
Q

HCG hormone of pregnancy

A

the hormone that the embryo secretes to help maintain the uterine lining and to help everything go smoothly.

A&PII (17 decks)

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