Test 5: Chapter 18 Flashcards
Enlargement and elongation of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities. caused by overproduction of growth hormone.
Acromegaly
A disease characterized by progressive anemia, low blood pressure, great weakness, and bronze discoloration of the skin. It is caused by inadequate secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex
Addison’s Disease
The outer portion of the adrenal gland, divided into three zones; the zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids, the zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids, and the zona reticularis secretes androgens
`Adrenal Cortex
The inner part of an adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons
Adrenal Medulla
An adrenal gland, of or produced by the adrenal glands
Situated near or on the kidneys, suprarenal
Adrenals
A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that influences the production and secretion of certain hormones of the adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
A mineralicorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys and potassium excretion in urine
Aldosterone
An organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups.
Amines
Masculinizing sex hormones produced by the testes in males and the adrenal cortex in both sexes; responsible for libido; the two main androgens and testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
Androgens
The anterior part of the pituitary gland that is derived from the embryonic pharynx and is primarily glandular in nature—called also anterior lobe; compare neurohypophysis.
Anterior (Adenohypophysis)
Hormone produced by neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular and surpraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.
Antidiuretic Hormone/Vasopressin
A hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that can lower the amount of blood calcium and phosphates by inhibiting bone resorption and by acceleratinguptake of calcium and phosphates into bone matrix
Calcitonin
A lipid-soluble hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis released by the adrenal glands that helps the body prepare for fight or flight by promoting the release of glucose and lipids in the blood for energy metabolism
Cortisol
a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones usually due to maternal hypothyroidism
Cretinism
Condition caused by a hypersecretion of glucocorticoids characterized by spindly legs, “moon face”, “buffalo hump”, pendulous abdomen, flushed facial skin, poor wound healing, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, hypertension, and increased susceptibility to disease
Cushing’s Syndrome
A second messenger derived from ATP and triggers specific cellular changes in metabolic regulation
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
An endocrine disorder caused by an inability to produce or use insulin. It is characterized by the three “polys”: polyuria (excessive urine production), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (excessive eating)
Diabetes Mellitus
Phenomenon in which there is a decrease in the number of receptors in response to an excess of a hormone or neurotransmitter
Down-Regulation
A gland that secretes hormones into interstitial fluid and then the blood; a ductless gland
Endocrine Gland
The science concerned with the structure and functions of endocrine glands and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system
Endocrinology
Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces acions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. Also called adrenaline
Epinephrine
Feminizing sex hormones produced by the ovaries; govern development of oocytes, maintenance of female reproductive structures, and appearance of secondary sex characteristics; also affect fluid and electrolyte balance, and protein anabolism
Estrogens
A harmful third phase of the stress response, in which stress exceeds the body’s ability to recover.
A state of extreme physical or mental fatigue
Exhaustion
A gland that secretes its products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body
Exocrine Gland
Enlargement of the thyroid gland accompanied by high levels of thyroid hormone in the blood and protrusion of the eyeballs, swollen neck, weight loss, shakes, mental deterioration. toxic; Grave’s disease.
Exophthalmic Goiter
Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; it intitiates development of ova and stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogens in females, and initiates sperm production in males
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
The general way people adapt to stressors with response, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Describes the body’s short-term and long-term reactions to stress.
General Adaptation Syndrome
An abnormal condition characterized by excessive growth of the body from hypersecretion of the pituitary gland Growth hormone
Giantism
A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets that increases blood glucose level
Glucagon
A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of glycogen from sugar
Glycogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Glycogenolysis
A secretion of endocrine cells that alters the physiological activity of target cells of the body
Hormones
Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates growth of body tissues, especially skeletal and muscular tissues. Also known as somatotropin.
Human Growth Hormone
An excess of glucose in the bloodstream, often associated with diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood
Hypoglycemia
Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that can suppress secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary
Inhibiting Hormones
A hormone produced by the beta cells of a pancreatic islet that decreases the blood glucose level
Insulin
Conversion of glucose and metabolic intermediates to fat.
Lipogenesis
The breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids.
Lipolysis
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation, stimulates progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum, and readies the mammary glands for milk secretion in females; stimulates testosterone secretion by the testes in males
Luteinizing Hormone
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the despersion of melanin grandules in melanocytes in amphibians; continued administration produces darkening of skin in humans
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that helps set the timing of the body’s biological clock
Melatonin
A disease resulting from decreased function of the thyroid gland in adults characterized by puffy dry skin, failing hair and lowered metabolic rate
Myxedema
A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. Also called noradrenaline
Norepinephrine
Female gonad that produces oocytes and the hormones estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, and relaxin
Ovaries
A hormone secreted by neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus that stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in the pregnant uterus and myoepithelial cells around the ducts of mammary glands
Oxytocin
A soft, oblong organ lying along the greater curvature of the stomach and connected by a duct to the duodenum. It is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland
Pancreas
A cluster of endocrine gland cells in the pancreas that secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic Islets (Of Langerhans)
One of usually four small endocrine glands embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
Parathyroid Gland
A hormone secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium level and decreases blood phosphate level. Also called parathormone
Parathyroid Hormone
A cone-shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle that secretes melatonin
Pineal Gland
A condition in which the pituitarygland does not make enough growth hormone. This results in a child’s slow growth pattern and an unusually small stature
Pituitary Dwarfism
A small endocrine gland occupying the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone and attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. Also called the hypophysis
Pituitary Gland
The posterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland), which stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin produced in the hypothalamus.
Posterior (Neurohypophysis)
A female sex hormone produced by the ovaries that helps prepare the endometrium of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum and the mammary glands for milk secretion
Progesterone
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that initiates and maintains milk secretion by the mammary glands
Prolactin
Lipids released by damaged cells that intensify the effects of histamine and kinins
Prostaglandins
They are synthesized at a steady rate in an unstimulated cell and the changing transcription rates increases or decreases the supply
Two major groups of hormones
Proteins & Peptides
A specialized cell or a distal portion of a neuron that responds to a specific sensory modality, such as a touch, pressure, cold, light, or sound, and converts it to an electrical signal. A specific molecule or cluster of molecules that recognizes and binds a particular ligand
Receptors
Hormone secreated by the hypothalamus that can stimulate secretion of hormones of the anterior pituitary
Releasing Hormones
A negative feedback loop that starts and ends in the kidneys and occurs when the kidneys sense a drop in BP or blood volume.When blood pressure is too low, kidney (JGA cells) release renin, triggers formation of angiotensin II, which stimulates aldosterone release, the end result is to raise blood pressure.
Renin-Angiotensin Pathway
Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions.
Depression associated with late autumn and winter and thought to be caused by a lack of light.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. Causes acne, premature closure of epiphyses, masculinization in females, hepatic dysfunction, MI, and increases in libido and aggression
Steroids
A nonspecific, emotional response to real or imagined challenges or threats; a result of a cognitive appraisal by the individual
Stress
A cell that bears receptors for a hormone, drug, or other signaling molecule, or is the focus of contact by a virus, phagocyte, nerve fiber, etc
Target Cells
Male gonad that produces sperm and the hormones testosterone and inhibin
Testes
A male sex hormone secreted by interstitial endocrinocytes of a mature testis; needed for development of sperm; together with a second androgen termed dihydrotestosterone controls the growth and development of male reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics, and body growth
Testosterone
A large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism
Thyroid
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Also known as thyrotropin
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism, growth and development, and the activity of the nervous system. Also called tetraiodothyronine
Thyroxine
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism, growth and development, and the activity of the nervous system
Triiodothyronine
A hormone whose target is another endocrine gland
Tropic Hormones
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ.
Up-Regulation
