Test 2 Flashcards
Hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes. Located within the spongy bone
Red Bone Marrow
Area consisting of thin collagen and fine elastic fibers
Papillary Region
Found only in the external ear canal, where their secretion combines with sebum and dead epidermal cells to form earwax, or cerumen.
Ceruminous Gland
The medical specialty dealing with diseases of the skin
Dermatology
Thin layer of cartilage covering the part of the Epiphysis where the bone forms a joint
Articular Cartilage
Inadequate calcification of the extracellular bone matrix caused by a vitamin D deficiency in children. Growing bones become soft and easily deformed
Rickets
Relating to or denoting multicellular glands that release some of their cytoplasm in their secretions, especially the sweat glands associated with hair follicles in the armpits and pubic regions
Aprocrine
Mid epidermis, 3 - 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis (cell death), dark staining keratohyalin proteins that act as a water/substance barrier. Top most layer with metabolic activities.
Stratum Granulosum
Epithelial cells whose height are at least four times their width.
Divided into simple (or unilayered), and stratified (or multi-layered). These cells are tall and are arranged like pillars. They are found in the inner lining of the intestine.
Columnar Cells
Double membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and the abdominal organs
Peritoneum
Only found in thick skin of fingertips, palms, and sole of feet, 4-6 layers of flattened clear dead plasma membranes
Stratum Lucidum
Fingerlike protrusions of the dermis into the epidermis
Dermal Papilla
6 - A thin extracellular layer that consists of two layers which attach and support upper cells to connective tissues
Basement Membrane
Oil glands of the skin located in the dermal layer of the skin over the entire body, expect for palm of hands and soles of feet
Sebaceous Gland
Rejection of transplanted tissue as a result of the recipient’s immune system not being able to recognize that the transplanted tissue as “self”
Tissue Rejection
Relating or applied directly to a part of the body.
Applied to a certain area of the skin and affecting only the area to which it is applied
Topical
Connective Tissue that contains all three types of fibers, usually arranged in a disorderly fashion (found in the subcutaneous layers of the skin). strength, elasticity and support
Areolar Connective Tissue
Raised scars, scar forms over injured tissue
Keloid Scar
Itchy rash caused by an allergic reaction
Hives
Serous membrane that covers the cavity wall
Parietal Layer
Cancer of keratinocyte cells
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
The thin layer of loose fatty connective tissue underlying the skin and binding it to the parts beneath
Adjective for the hypodermis
Superficial Fascia/Hypodermis
Localized, protective response to tissue injury designed to destroy, dilute, or wall off the infecting agent or injured tissue; characterized by redness, pain, heat, swelling, and sometimes loss of function
Inflammation
Immature cells of connective tissue; large and flat; produce fibers
Fibroblast
A nuclear imaging test that helps diagnose and track several types of bone disease
Bone Scan
“garbage collectors” - develop from monocytes (WBC), irregular shape with short branches for engulfing bacteria and debris by phagocytosis, found in dermis
Macrophage
Epithelium consisting of several layers of keratin-containing cells in which the surface cells are flattened and scalelike and the deeper cells are polyhedral
Stratified Epithelium
Saucer-shaped free nerve endings that make contact with tactile epithelial cells in the epidermis and function as touch receptors
Tactile (Merkel) Disc
Bone shaft or body; long main portion of the bone
Diaphysis
Series of microscopic fissures in bone without obvious injury
Stress Fracture
Hollow cavity that contains fatty yellow blood marrow and blood vessels
Medullary (Marrow) Cavity
Immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells
Stem Cells
The proximal and distal ends of the bone
Epiphysis
Rings that provide a strong connection between cardiac muscle cells, to prevent tears and leaks in the heart.
Intercalated Discs
Smooth muscle, extends superficial dermis of the skin to the dermal root around the side of the hair follicle
Arrector Pili Muscle
Portwine stain caused by a concentration of blood cells
Hemangioma (Portwine Stain)
Bedsores caused by pressure of bones cutting off blood supply
Decubitus Ulcer
Of or denoting circles, arcs, or other shapes that share the same center, the larger often completely surrounding the smaller
Concentric
Surrounds the root of the hair follicle, made up of the external and internal root sheath
Hair Follicle
A physician who interprets and diagnoses the changes caused by disease in tissues and body fluids
Pathologist
Part of nervous tissue, the nerve cell, sensitive to stimuli, send electrical signals
Neuron
Compact keratinized cells that form the hard thin plates found on the distal surfaces of the fingers and toes. Protect the ends of fingers and toes.
Nail
Affects both the outer and underlying layer of skin. They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering.
Second-Degree Burn
Skin Reaction to an allergen or irritating substance
Contact Dermatitis
Nerve endings that are sensitive to touch
Meissner’s Corpuscle
Flat cells that look like fish scales.
They make up most of the cells in the outer layer of the skin (the epidermis), the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts, and the linings of the hollow organs of the body
Squamous Cells
Microscopic study of the structure of tissues
Histology
Dendrites of neurons surrounding each hair follicle which is sensitive to touch. Notices when hair is disturbed
Hair Root Plexus
A condition of porous bones, low bone mass because resorption is faster than deposition and depletes the body of calcium
Osteoporosis
Portion of the hair deep to the shaft, penetrates into the dermis and subQ.
Hair Root
A severe burn characterized by destruction of the skin through its deeper layers and possibly into underlying tissues, loss of fluid, and sometimes shock
Third-Degree Burn
Functions in resorption, the breaking down of bone ECF
Osteoclast
Mature cartilage cells
Chondrocyte
Is the hardening of older cells; cytoplasm fills up with a keratin protein and tightly packed cells accumulate in the outer epidermis forming dead cells, which get sloughed off and shed.
Keratinization
Membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior
Serous Membrane
Disorder in which the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues because it can’t between what is normal and what is foreign
Autoimmune Disease
Initiated by osteoblasts. Process of depositing calcium salts and them hardening inthe bone tissue
Calcification
Grooves found on palm, fingers, and soles where sweat is excreted to skin’s surface
Epidermal Ridges
Serous membrane that covers and adheres to the organs within the cavity
Visceral Layer
Superficial portion of the hair which projects above the skin.
Hair Shaft
Unnatural loss of clumps of hair
Alopecia
Composed of a single layer of cells.
Simple Epithelium
A type ofepithelium that, though comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelia
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Itchy patch of dry skin
Psoriasis
Cancer of the epithelial cells such as skin, lining of the lungs, glands, lining of the digestive tract, urinary
Carcinoma
Contains lipids that help lubricate the skin & minimize water loss
Sebum
Fractured bone ends are manipulated manually and skin stays intact
Closed Reduction
The addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone matrix by osteoblasts
Bone Deposition
Secrete hormones into the interstitial which diffuse into the bloodstream without a duct
Endocrine Gland
Abundant along blood vessels - produces histamine, dilates capillaries & increases permeability
Mast Cell
Body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy. conserves heat, stores energy, pads and protects organs
Adipose Tissue
Accumulate their secretory products at the apical surface and then pinches off the secretions by exocytosis. EX: secretion of milk ducts in the mammary glands
Apocrine Gland
Connective tissue made of a fine network of reticular fibers. Found in the stroma of organs, binds smooth muscle tissue cells, removes worn-out cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes
Reticular Connective Tissue
Blood cell production
Hemopoiesis
Circumferential
Become red and painful through exposure to the sun
Burns
Accumulate secretory in the cytosol and releases the secretions as the cell ruptures. EX: sebaceous gland of the skin
Holocrine Gland
Concentric rings of hard, calcified extracellular matrix found in compact bone
Lamellae
An examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of a disease
Biopsy
Band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate
Cuticle
Autosomal-recessive genetic condition with abnormal production of mucus causing obstruction
Cyst
Any break in a bone
Fractures
Characterized by or associated with a lack of blood vessels
Avascular
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
Lacuna
A deep cut or tear in skin or flesh.
Laceration
Topical cream or patch
Transdermal Drug Administration
A diffuse scaling of the scalp, often accompanied by itching
Dandruff
A continuous sheet of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue between the dermis of the skin and the deep fascia of the muscles. Also called the hypodermis
Subcutaneous Layer
A neoplasm or tumor composed of neuroglial cells, (i.e., cells that provide the supportive structure for neurons).
Glioma
Involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions
White Blood Cell (Leukocyte)
The restoration of and injured tissue or organ to normal structure and or function
Regeneration
The middle primary germ layer that gives rise to connective tissues, blood and blood vessels, and muscles
Mesoderm
The stopping of a flow of blood
Hemostasis
Caused by rapid growth of top layer of cells by a virus
Wart
A fungal infection affecting the skin between the toes. It is a form of ringworm.
Athlete’s Foot
Redness of skin
Erythema
Contagious skin infection that causes red sores on the face
Impetigo
A skin inflammation or rash
Eczema
Composed of a protein, are very tough and resistant to stretching, yet allow some flexibility in tissue. They are found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Collagen Fibers
A slow-growing malignant tumor of the face
Basal Cell Carcinoma
A surgical operation in which a piece of healthy skin is transplanted to a new site on the body.
A piece of skin transplanted to a new site on the body
Skin Grafts
Thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
Endosteum
Found in Stratum Spinosum; React to antigens that cross broken skin & initiate and immune response (associated with immune system- beneficial because it catches bacteria as it enters skin)
Langerhans Cells
Participate in blood clotting
Platelet (Thrombocyte)
Part of nervous tissues that does not generate or conduct electric impulses
Neuroglia
A small patch of light brown color on the skin, often becoming more pronounced through exposure to the sun
Freckles
Gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells
Yellow Bone Marrow
The half moon at the base of the natural nail
Lunula
Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
Compact Bone
Any bone that develops in and replaces cartilage. The cartilage is partially or entirely destroyed by the process of calcification. The cartilage is then resorbed (reabsorbed), leaving bone in its place.
Endochondral
Lines that can be extrapolated by connecting linear openings made when a round pin is driven into the skin of a cadaver, resulting from the principal axis of orientation of the subcutaneous connective tissue (collagen) fibers of the dermis; they vary in direction with the region of the body surface
Lines of Cleavage (Tension Lines)
Free nerve ending that detects pain
Nociceptor
A primary germ layer of the developing embryo; gives rise to the gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, urethra, and respiratory tract
Endoderm
Proximal portion of nail plate where cell division occurs causing a growth in nail thickness
Nail Root
Cutaneous membrane; covers the external surface of the body. The largest organ - consists of epidermis and dermis layers
Skin
Thick bundles of collagen that extends from the periosteum into the bone ECF matrix
Perforating (Sharpey’s) Fibers
The primary germ layer that gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis of skin and its derivatives
Ectoderm
Dilates small blood vessels in response to injury or infection
Histamine
Membrane that lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior
Mucous Membrane
Cell which is composed of keratin
90% of epidermis cells, migrates from lower levels, make keratin, cells are sloughed off
Keratinocyte
Due to necrosis (tissue death) severe cold exposure
Frostbite
Nerve endings that are sensitive to pressure.
Oval shaped pressure receptor located in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue and consisting of concentric layers of a connective tissue wrapped around the dendrites of a sensory neuron.
Lamellated (Pacinian) Corpuscle
Fractured bone ends are surgically realigned and held together with plates and screws
Open Reduction
WBC secrete antibodies that attack foreign substances (immune sys) - found in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract, salivary glands, spleen and red bone marrow
Plasma Cell
Skin cancer of a melanocyte
Malignant Melanoma
Secrete substances into a duct that empties onto the surface of a covering or lining epithelial cell (skin or lumen). These secretions could be harmful if they entered the bloodstream
Exocrine Gland
Yellow cell color caused by accumulation of bilirubin in blood and tissues, sign of liver failure
Jaundice
Autoimmune disorder, most common in black American women.
an inflammatory disease of connective tissue with variable features including fever and weakness and fatigability and joint pains and skin lesions on the face or neck or arms; butterfly-shaped rash across the face.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Hair like canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal. Where exchange of nutrients between blood and cells occurs
Canaliculi
Point of contact between plasma membranes of tissue cells
Cell Junctions
An abnormal joining of tissues by fibrous scar tissue. These may bind or constrict organs, causing decreased flexibility and obstruction, especially in the abdomen
Adhesions
8% of epidermis cells, produce pigment melanin, contributes to skin color, absorbs damaging UV light
Melanocyte
Skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from retained secretions and bacteria
Acne
Test to detect cancer, infection and/or inflammation. cells scraped off the apical layer of the cervix and vagina
Pap Test/Smear
Cancer of the supportive tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle
Sarcoma
Epithelium consisting of one or more layers of cells of cuboid or polyhedral shape
Cuboidal Cells
Deepest layer of the epidermis composed of a single layer of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes. contain some stem cells, have large nuclei
Stratum Basale
Material located between widely spaced cells consisting of protein fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular) and ground substance
Extracellular Matrix
Perpendicular channels of blood vessels and nerves connecting haversian canals
Perforating (Volksman’s) Canal
Fiber that consists of collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein, provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues. produced by fibroblasts, thinner than collagen fibers
Reticular Fibers
Deep to the dermis and deeper tissue that detects the stretching of the skin
Ruffini Corpuscle
The major embryonic tissues from which the various tissues and organs of the body develop; ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Primary Germ Layers
Consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
Blood Tissue
Caused by herpes virus
Cold Sore
A joining of proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal passageways between neighboring cells. Inhibits passage of substances between cells and keeps the contents of these organs from leaking out. Found in the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder.
Tight Cell Junction
Whiskers of women
Hirsutism
deeper thicker connective tissue of the skin; vascular
Dermis
Growths on the skin that are usually brown or black. occur when melanocytes in the skin grow in a cluster instead of being spread throughout the skin
Mole
The yellow pigment of the skin
Carotene
Microscopic unit of compact bone–consisting of mature osteocytes arranged in concentric circles around large blood vessels
Osteon (Haversian System)
A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility and support.
Cartilage
Any of various black, dark brown, reddish brown, or yellow pigments of animal (as in skin and hair).
Melanin
4 - the surface of an epithelial cell that faces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen (interior space of an organ), or a tubular duct
Apical (Free) Surface
A microscopic tube running the length of the spinal cord in the gray commissue. A circular channel running longitudinally in the center of an osteon of mature compact bone, containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
Central (Haversian) Canal
Composed of skin and associated structures (hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands).
Protects the body; helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes, helps make vitamin D, stores fats and provides insulation, and detects sensations.
Integumentary System
Tan, brown spots on skin common with age
Liver (Age) Spots
Contains periosteum, red and yellow bone marrow, and endosteum
Bone/Osseous Tissue
Individual bone cell, maintains bone tissue
Osteocyte
Scrape of skin
Abrasion
Causes bones to grow in length as chondrocytes divide
Interstitial Growth
Cell response that monitors division and growth
Contact Inhibition
Branched, striated fibers, 1 nuclei. gap junctions allow quick conduction of electrical signals
Cardiac Muscle
Double membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and the lungs
Pleura
Internal scarring due to overstretching of the skin in which collagen fibers and blood vessels in the dermis are damaged
Stretch Mark (Stria)
A linkage of two adjacent cells consisting of a system of channelsextending across a gap from one cell to the other, allowing thepassage of ions and small molecules.
Gap (Cell) Junction
An amorphous gel-like substance surrounding the cells.
Also called extrafibrillar matrix
Ground Substance
Bracing structures in spongy bone
Trabecula
The removal of minerals and collagen fibers from the bone matrix by osteoclasts
Bone Resorption
Fibers nonstriated, small spindle-shaped cell - thick in middle and tapers to the end with 1 nucleus, involuntary for constricting motions
Smooth Muscle
Pale cell color due to basal constriction lowering amount of blood flow
Pallor
Modified epithelial cells that secrete a slightly sticky mucus from their apical surface
Goblet Cells
Connective tissue with large amounts of either collagen fibers (making them strong) or elastic fibers, or both; are typically strong (e.g. bone, cartilage, tendons, etc.)
Dense Connective Tissue
Layer of Bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone
Spongy Bone
Change shape from squamous to cuboidal and back - in organs that need to stretch and collapse - urinary bladder and uterus.
Transitional Cells
Protects and supports the body and organs. Holds organs together, stores fat as energy reserve, provides immunity to disease-causing organisms.
Connective Tissue
A layer of cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone; the growth plate
Epiphyseal Plate/Line
A tough, fibrous intracellular protein that helps protect the skin from heat, microbes and chemicals
Keratin
Transport oxygen to the body cells and remove carbon dioxide from the body cells
Red Blood Cell (Erythrocyte)
A group of similar cells and their intercellular substance joined together to perform a specific function
Tissue
Superficial to stratum basale, consists of 8-10 layers, superficial layers become more flattened, provides strength and flexibility
Stratum Spinosum
Region between the Epiphysis and Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Small hair like protrusions on the cell surface that increases a cells surface area to speed up absorption
Microvilli
Affect only the outer layer of the skin. They cause pain, redness, and swelling
First-Degree Burn
Double membrane that lines the heart cavity and the heart
Pericardium
Fibers that are flexible
Contain rubber-like protein so they can stretch and recoil like rubber bands. Found in skin, lungs, and blood vessel walls- called yellow fibers
Elastic Fibers
Waxy excretion of the ear
Cerumen
Degeneration of articular cartilage causing bone to touch bone
Osteoarthritis
A disease-producing microbe
Pathogen
Produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle (collarbone). Such bones develop within a fibrous sheet similar to the dermis of the skin, referred to as dermal bones
Intramembranous Ossification
Causes bones to widen as cellular matrix is resorpted and deposited on the outer layer of the bone
Appositional Growth
Autoimmune disease where immune system attacks the cartilage and joint linings
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Bone formation
Ossification
An exocrine gland with secretions released from a cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis. EX: Salivary glands and the pancreas
Eccrine Gland
Relating to or denoting multicellular glands that do not lose cytoplasm in their secretions, especially the sweat glands found widely distributed on the skin
Eccrine
Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts. They also form glands.
It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers and are packed tightly together, with almost no intercellular spaces and only a small amount of intercellular substance.
Epithelial Tissue/Epithelium
Blue cell color due to lack of oxygenated blood
Cyanosis
Separation of epidermis and dermis with a build up of interstitial fluid caused by friction
Blister
Sweat glands; release sweat into hair follicles or the skin surface through pores
Sudoriferous Gland
Forms bone ECF
Osteoblast
A condition in which white patches develop on the skin
Vitiligo
2 - The surface of an epithelial cell that is opposite the Apical Surface. Adhere to other cells an to extracellular materials
Basal Surface
Thick skin, thin flat cells layered like scales, no nucleus or organelles. Cells are continually shed and replaced and friction increases cell production.
Stratum Corneum
Inherited. defect in fibrillin gene. Abnormal elastic fibers causes problems in areas with high concentration of elastic fibers: aorta, skin, ligaments, suspensory ligaments of the lens- aortic ruptures/aneurism(elastic replaced by weaker proteoglycans), rupture lens of eye.
Marfan’s Syndrome
The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue
Bone Remodeling
Abnormal, nonpathological, partial, or total absence of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes
Albinism
Cellular build up of stratum corneum due to friction
Callus
Bone covering essential for growth, repair, and nutrition. Made of connective tissue, osteogenic cells and osteoblasts
Periosteum
Long, cylindrical, striated fibers, multi nuclei, voluntary muscle for motion, posture, heat production and protection
Skeletal (Striated) Muscle
Solid build up of cells caused by friction usually on toes, painful
Corn
Fat cell, derived from a fibroblast
Adipocyte
Attached to the subQ layer. Consists of bundles of thick collagen fibers, scattered fibroblasts and macrophages
Reticular Region
