Test 3: Chapter 10 Flashcards
Tissue of the skeletal muscle, composed of striated muscle fibers(cells); supported by connective tissue, attached to a bone by a tendon or an aponeurosis, and stimulated by somatic motor neurons
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Striated muscle fibers (cells) that form the wall of the heart; stimulated by an intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
A tissue specialized for contraction, composed of smooth muscle fibers (cells), located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by autonomic motor neurons
Smooth Muscle Tissue
The ability to repeatedly and rhythmically generate action potentials
Autorhythmicity
The production of heat, especially in a human or animal body
Thermogenesis
The lowermost layer of the skin in nearly all of the regions of the body, that blends with the reticular dermis layer
Superfical Fascia
A layer of fibrous connective tissue which can surround individual muscles, and also divide groups of muscles into fascial compartments
Deep Fascia
Fibrous connective tissue around muscles
Epimysium
Invagination of the epimysium that divides muscles into bundles
Perimysium
Letter D:
Bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium
Muscle Fascicle
Invagination of the perimysium separating each individual muscle fiber (cell)
Endomysium
Letter C:
A muscle cell wrapped in endomysium
Myofiber
A cylindrical multinucleate cell composed of myofibrils that contract when stimulated
Muscle Fiber/Cell
A white fibrous cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to boen
Tendon
A sheetlike tendon joining one muscle with another or with bone
Aponeurosis
14:
The cell membrane of a muscle fiber, especially of a skeletal muscle fiber
Sarcolemma
Small, cylindrical invaginations of the sarcolemma of striated muscle fibers (cells) that conduct muscle action potentials toward the center of the muscle fiber
Transverse Tubule
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm
The oxygen-binding, iron-containing protein present in the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers (cells); contributes the red color to muscle
Myoglobin
Number 1:
Threadlike structures extending longitudinally through a muscle fiber (cell) consisting mainly of thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin, troponin, and tropomyosin)
Myofibrils
Number 6:
A network of saccules and tubes surrounding myofibrils of a muscle fiber, comparable to endoplasmic reticulum; functions to reabsorb calcium ions during relaxation and to release them to cause contraction
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers in response to overcoming force from high volumes of tension
Muscular Hypertrophy
Primarily made of a protein called actin, which assembles itself into a ladder-like scaffold during muscle contraction that the myosin filaments can then use to generate force
Thin Myofilament
Made of several hundred myosin protein molecules, consists of a hinge and a double head which has an Actin binding site and an ATP binding site
Thick Myofilament
Number 10:
A contractile unit in a striated muscle fiber extending from one Z-disc to the next
Sarcomere
Letter A:
Centers of the I band and the ends of the sarcomere
Z-Discs (Lines)
Letter D:
The broad region of a sarcomere that corresponds to the length of the thick filaments
A-Band
Letter C:
The region of the sarcomere made up only of thin filaments. Appears Light
I-Band
Letter B:
The region at the center of an A band of a sarcomere that is made up of myosin only.
H-Zone
The contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers
Myosin
A contractile protein that is part of thin filaments in muscle fibers
Actin
In a relaxed muscle, this covers the myosin-binding sites and contains Ca++ binding sites. Prevents the attachment of the thick myofilaments, thus preventing contraction of the sarcomere
Tropomosin-Troponin Complex
Site within the helical strand of actin upon which the thick myofilaments will attach during a power stroke
Myosin-Binding Site
Myofilaments don’t change in length
Thick filaments slide by thin filaments,
Z- lines come closer, Sarcomeres shorten, A-bands stays the same length, I-bands & H-zone diminish
Sliding Filament Principle
Structure formed by myosin head binding to the Actin binding site. Connects thick filaments and thin filaments during a contraction
Cross Bridges
Ion channel which displays selective permeability to calcium ions
Calcium Ion Channels
The mechanism of active transport of calcium (Ca2+) across a membrane, as of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, against aconcentration gradient; the mechanism is driven by hydrolysis of ATP
Calcium Ion Pump
- Myosin heads bind to actin to form cross bridges
- ATP releases energy, bending the the thick filament heads and hinges
- Actin and myosin move past each other
- New ATP attaches to myosin releases cross bridge
Power Stroke
State of partial contraction of muscles after death due to lack of ATP; myosin heads (cross-bridges) remain attached to actin, thus proventing relaxation
Rigor Mortis
A synapse between the axon terminals of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber (cell)
Neuromuscular Junction
The functinoal junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such as a muscle or gland; may be electrical or chemical
Synapse
The narrow gap at a chemical synapse that separates the axon terminal of one neuron from another neuron or muscle fiber and across which a neurotransmitter diffuses to affect the postsynaptic cell
Synaptic Cleft
One of a variety of molecules within axon terminals that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and that change the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron
Neurotransmitter
The usually single, long process of a nerve cell that propogates a nerve impulse toward the axon terminals
Axon
A neurotransmitter liberated by many peripheral nervous system neurons and some central nervous system neurons. It is excitatory at neuromuscular junctions but inhibitory at some other synapses
Acetylcholine
Region of sarcolemma of a muscle fiber that includes acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, which bind ACh released by synaptic end bulbs of somatic motor neurons
Motor End Plate
A graphic representation of the electrical currents associated with muscular contraction, obtained by inserting electrodes into the muscle fibers
Electromyogram
A molecule that can be quickly broken apart to help produce ATP in muscle. “Muscle Battery”
Creatine Phosphate
Respiration in the absence of oxygen.
This produces lactic acid.
Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water the total oxidation allows for the maximum amount of energy to be released. (with oxygen)
Aerobic Respiration
Inability of a muscle to maintain its strength of contraction or tension; may be related to insufficient oxygen, depletion of glycogen, and/or lactic acid buildup
Muscle Fatigue
Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. A rise in this usually accompanies an increase in physical activity.
Lactic Acid
A result of intense exercise, low O2 levels available for aerobic respiration.
Oxygen Debt
A motor neuron together with the muscle fibers it stimulates
Motor Unit
A single quick, jerky muscular contraction from a single nerve impulse followed by relaxation.
Twitch
If a stimulus depolarizes a neuron to threshold, the neuron fires at its maximum voltage; if threshold is not reached, the neuron does not fire at all.
Given above threshold, stronger stimuli do not produce stronger action potentials.
All-or-None Principle
The record or tracing produced by a myograph, an apparatus that measures and records the force of muscular contractions
Myogram
The period of time between the action potential moving through sarcolemma and the muscle contracts
Latent Period
During this time, calcium ions bind to troponin, myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed, and cross bridges form
Contraction Period
The time during which the muscle is returning to its original length
Relaxtion Period
A short rest period between action potentials
Refractory Period
A staircase phenomenon.
If stimuli are repeated at regular time intervals, and the muscle has ample time to recover between stimuli, successive contractions show an increase in contraction force.
Treppe
When sequensial stimuli is received before the muscle fiber has relaxed, it creates a contraction that is stronger than the first
Wave Summation
Each stimulus causes a contraction to be initiated when the muscle has only partly relaxed from the previous contraction
Unfused (Incomplete) Tetanus
Stimuli to a particular muscle are repeated so rapidly that decrease of tension between stimuli cannot be detected.
Fused (Complete) Tetanus
A measure of how many motor neurons are activated in a particular muscle, and therefore is a measure of how many muscle fibers of that muscle are activated. The higher the recruitment, the stronger the muscle contraction will be
Motor Unit Recruitment
A sustained, partial contraction of portions of a skeletal or smooth muscle in response to activation of stretch receptors or a baseline level of action potentials in the innervating motor neurons
Muscle Tone
A type of muscular contraction where the tone (tension) of the muscle remains constant, but the length of the muscle changes (shortens).
Isotonic Contraction
Contraction in which a muscle shortens and pulls on a tendon to produce movement and to reduce the angle of a joint
Concentric Isotonic Contraction
Contraction in which a muscle lengthens.
This occurs when lowering a book that you picked up to place it back on the table
Eccentric Isotonic Contraction
Training in which an athlete alternates between two activities, typically requiring different rates of speed, degrees of effort, etc.
Interval Training
A muscle in which small dark fibers predominate and in which myoglobinand mitochondria are abundant
Red Muscle Fibers
A muscle in which large pale fibers predominate and mitochondria andmyoglobin are sparse
White Muscle Fibers
Capable of prolonged, sustained contraction for many hours
Generate ATP by aerobic cellular respiration
Slow Oxidative Fibers
Intermediate in diameter between the other two types of fibers.
Generate ATP by anaerobic respiration.
High proportion in muscles of arms and shoulders.
Fast Oxidative Fibers
Generate ATP by glycolysis
Largest in diameter
Fast Glycolytic Fibers
Drugs that are structurally related to the cyclic steroid rings system and have similar effects to testosterone in the body
Anabolic Steroids
Striated muscle fibers that form the wall of the heart; stimulated by an intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
An irregular transverse thickening of sarcolemma that contains desmosomes, which hold cardiac muscle fibers together, and gap junctions, which aid in conduction of muscle action potentials from one fiber to the next
Intercalated Discs
Specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells
Gap Junctions
A tissue specialized for contraction, composed of smooth muscle fibers, located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by autonomic motor neurons
Smooth Muscle Tissue
The study of muscles
Myology
Weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscles caused by antibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors
Myasthenia Gravis
When muscles waste away. The main reason for muscle wasting is a lack of physical activity. This can happen when a disease or injury makes it difficult or impossible for you to move an arm or leg. You may have muscle loss if one of your limbs appears smaller (not shorter) than the other.
Muscular Atrophy
Inherited muscle destroying diseases, characterized by degeneration of muscle fibers, which causes progressive atrophy of the skeletal muscle
Muscular Dystrophy
A chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas
Fibromyalgia
A sudden, involuntary contraction of large groups of muscles
Spasm
A spasmodic, usually painful contraction of a muscle
Cramp
Rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless contraction of opposing muscle groups
Tremor
An act or process of forming fibers or fibrils.
A muscular twitching involving individual muscle fibers acting without coordination.
Very rapid irregular contractions of the muscle fibers of the heart resulting in a lack of synchronism between heartbeat and pulse
Fibrillation
Pain in a muscle or group of muscles
Myalgia
Involuntary stereotyped movements of a small group of muscles such as of the face. The spasm is usually psychogenic and may be aggravated by stressor anxiety but is generally controllable momentarily.
Multiple grimacing and blinking mimic spasms occur in Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome
Tic (Mimic Spasm)
Abnormal, spontaneous twitch of all skeletal muscle fibers in one motor unit that is visible at the skin surface; not associated with movement of the affected muscle; present in progressive diseases of motor neurons, for example, poliomyelitis
Fasciculation
Compare and contrast slow oxidative, fast oxidative, and fast glyclytic muscle fibers in terms of myoglobin content, blood supply, mitochondria content, diameter size, ATP production, velocity of contraction, and resistance to fatigue
