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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Test 4: Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Test 4: Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

A small bundle or cluster, especially of nerve or muscle fibers

A

Fascicle

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2
Q

Polio is another word for this. Caused by a virus called poliovirus

A

Poliomyelitis

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3
Q

The constriction of the pupils that occur when a bright light is flashed in the eye is a protective response

A

Pupillary Light Reflex

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4
Q

One of the thirty one pairs of nerves that originate on the spinal cord from posterior and anterior roots

A

Spinal Nerve

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5
Q

Corresponds with the attachments of the large nerves which supply the upper limbs. It extends from about the third cervical to the second thoracic vertebra, its maximum circumference (about 38 mm.) being on a level with the attachment of the sixth pair of cervical nerves

A

Cervical Enlargement

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6
Q

The structure compsed of axons of motor neurons that emerges from the anterior aspect of the spinal cord and extends laterally to join a posterior root, forming a spinal nerve

A

Anterior Root

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7
Q

Area where axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other

A

Anterior White Commisure

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8
Q

The cutaneous area developed from one embryonic spinal cord segment and receiving most of its sensory innervation from one spinal nerve. An instrument for incising the skin or cutting thin transplants of skin

A

Dermatome

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9
Q

A network formed by nerve axons from the anterior rami of the first four cervical nerves and receiving gray rami communicantes from the superior cervical ganglion

A

Cervical Plexus

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10
Q

A network of nerves, veins, or lymphatic vessels

A

Plexuses

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11
Q

A space between the spinal dura matter and the vertebral canal, containing areolar connective tissue and a plexus of veins

A

Epidural Space

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12
Q

A microscopic tube running the length of the spinal cord in the gray commissure. A circular channel running longitudinally in the center of an osteon of mature compact bone, containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves.

A

Central Canal

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13
Q

The inntermost of the three meninges (coverings) of the brain and spinal cord

A

Pia Mater

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14
Q

Paralysis of four limbs: two upper and two lower

A

Quadriplegia

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15
Q

A space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates

A

Subarachnoid Space

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16
Q

A network of nerve axons of the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1. The nerves that emerge from this supply the upper limb

A

Brachial Plexus

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17
Q

A network formed by the anterior branches of spinal nerves L1 through L4

A

Lumbar Plexus

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18
Q

Deeper groove that separates the right and left portions of the anterior white matter

A

Anterior Median Fissure

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19
Q

Injection of anesthetic drug in the epidural space to cause temporary loss of sensation

A

Epidural Block

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20
Q

Innervation so that the contraction of a muscle or set of muscles is accompanied by the simultaneous inhibition of an antagonistic muscle or set of muscles

A

Reciprocal Innervation

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21
Q

A shallow vertical groove dividing the spinal cord throughout its whole length in the midline posteriorly

A

Posterior Median Sulcus

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22
Q

Motor response is on the opposite side as the sensory input

A

Contralateral Reflex Arc

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23
Q

A group of cell bodies of sensory neurons and their supporting cells located along the posterior root of a spinal nerve

A

Posterior Root Ganglion

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24
Q

Flexion of ankle, knee, and hip when the foot is painfully stimulated; the crossed extension reflex occurs in association with it

A

Flexor Reflex

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25
Q

A partial transection of the cord on either the right of left side

A

Hemisection

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26
Q

An area of gray matter (anterior, lateral, or posterior) in the spinal cord

A

Horns

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27
Q

The procedure of taking fluid from the spine in the lower back through a hollow needle, usually done for diagnostic purposes

A

Spinal Tap (Lumber Puncture)

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28
Q

No interneuron involved

When a reflex arc consists of only two neurons

A

Monosynaptic Reflex Arc

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29
Q

Paralysis of the upper limb, trunk, and lower limb on one side of the body

A

Hemiplegia

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30
Q

A reflex action that involves an electrical impulse being transferred from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron via at least one connecting neuron (interneuron) in the spinal cord

A

Polysynaptic Reflex Arc

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31
Q

The middle of the three meninges (coverings) of the brain and spinal cord

A

Arachnoid

32
Q

A reflex induced by stimulation of somatic sensory nerve endings

A

Somatic Reflex

33
Q

Motor response is on the same side as the sensory input

A

Ipsilateral Reflex Arc

34
Q

Infection of the PNS by herpes zoster, causes pain, discoloration, and blisters

A

Shingles

35
Q

An organ of the body, either a muscle or a gland, that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons

A

Effector

36
Q

Inferior to the lumbar enlargement, the spinal cord terminates as a tapering, conical structure, which ends at the level of the intervertebral disc between the first and second lumbar vertebrae in adults

A

Conus Medullaris

37
Q

Inflammation of the nerves due to a direct blow, bone fracture, or poisons

A

Neuritis

38
Q

The most basic conduction pathway through the nervous system, connecting a receptor and an effector and consisting of a receptor, a sensory neuron, an integrating center in the central nervous system, a motor neuron, and an effector

A

Reflex Arc

39
Q

Inflammation of the spinal cord

A

Myelitis

40
Q

Paralysis of one limb only

A

Monoplegia

41
Q

Stroke the abdomen with a blunt object to the side of the umbilicus. Normal response is movement of the umbilicus toward stimulation. No response indicates possible damage to lower thoracic spinal cord nerves, may also be present with multiple sclerosis.

A

Abdominal Reflex

42
Q

Paralysis of both lower limbs

A

Paraplegia

43
Q

Loss fo reflex function

A

Areflexia

44
Q

A polsynaptic, ipsilateral reflex that protects tendons and their associated muscles from damage that might be brought about by excessive tension

A

Tendon Reflex

45
Q

A period from several days to several weeks following transection of the spinal cord that is characterized by the abolition of all reflex activity

A

Spinal Shock

46
Q

Inflammation of the meninges due to an infection, usually caused by a bacterium or virus

A

Meningitis

47
Q

A muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle. It is a monosynaptic reflex which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. When a muscle lengthens, the muscle spindle is stretched and its nerve activity increases

A

Stretch Reflex

48
Q

Any reflex action mediated through a center of the spinal cord

A

Spinal Reflex

49
Q

Extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole; normal up to eighteen months of age and indicative of damage ro descending motor pathways such as the corticospinal tracts after that age

A

Babinski Sign

50
Q

Inflammation and pain along the sciatic nerve; felt along the posterior aspect of the thigh extending down the inside of the leg

A

Sciatica

51
Q

Nonnervous fibrous tissue of the spinal cord that extends inferiorly from the conus medullaris to the coccyx

A

Filum Temrinale

52
Q

Pralysis of both arms or both legs

A

Diplegia

53
Q

Connective tissue wrapping around individual nerve axons

A

Endoneurium

54
Q

Start in the brain and end in the spinal cord, convey motor information.

A

Descending Tract

55
Q

Unconscious motor reflexes relayed from organs and glands to the CNS through visceral afferent signaling

A

Autonomic Reflex

56
Q

Lateral extensions of pia mater that pass through the arachnoid layer and attach to the internal surface of the dura mater.

Function to anchor the spinal cord

A

Denticulate Ligaments

57
Q

Connective tissue wrapping around fascicles in a nerve

A

Perineurium

58
Q

Three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, called the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

A

Meninx/Meninges

59
Q

The outermost of the three meninges (coverings) of the brain and spinal cord

A

Dura Mater

60
Q

The cord is severed from one side to the other, thus cutting all sensory and motor tracts. It results in a loss of all sensations and voluntary movement below the level of transection

A

Complete Transection

61
Q

Brain involvement, but not under conscious control

A

Cranial Reflex

62
Q

The strucute composed of sensory axons lying between a spinal nerve and the dorsolateral aspect of the spinal cord

A

Posterior Root

63
Q

Using the flat side of the reflex hammer strike below the patellar. Normal response: extension, straightening of the leg. No response indicates possible damage of lumbar segments of spinal cord. May also indicate diabetes, mellitus, or alcoholism

A

Patellar Reflex

64
Q

Thickening in the spinal cord that supplies nerves to lower limbs

A

Lumbar Enlargement

65
Q

A tail-like array of roots of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord

A

Cauda Equina

66
Q

A space between the duar mater and the arachnoid materof the brain and spinal cord that contains a small amount of fluid

A

Subdural Space

67
Q

A narrow strip of gray matter connecting the two lateral gray masses within the spinal cord

A

Gray Commissure

68
Q

Start in the spinal cord and end in the brain, convey sensory information

A

Ascending Tract

69
Q

A specialized cell or a distal portion of a neuron that responds to a specificsensory modality, such as touch, pressure, cold, light, or sound, and converts it to an electrical signal. A specific molecule or cluster of molecules that recognizes and binds a particular ligand

A

Receptor

70
Q

An encapsulated proprioceptor in a skeletal muscle, consisting of specialized intrafusal muscle fibers and nerve endings; stimulated by changes in length or tension of muscle fibers

A

Muscle Spindle

71
Q

A proprioceptive receptor, sensitive to changes in muscle tension and force of contraction, found chiefly near the junctions of tendons and muscles

A

Tendon (Golgi Tendon) Organ

72
Q

Motor response is through a spinal nerve at a different level than the sensory input

A

Intersegmental Reflex Arc

73
Q

Group of white matter tracts in the spinal cord

A

Columns

74
Q

The superficial connective tissue covering around an entire nerve

A

Epineurium

75
Q

Hold the foot and strike the achilles tendon with the flat side of the reflex hammer. Normal response is plantar flexion (extension) of the foot. NO response or an exaggerated response indicates injury to sacral segments of the spinal cord. Exaggerated response may be present with a compression of the cervical spine

A

Achilles Reflex

76
Q

Crossing of sensory impulses within the reflex center to produce an opposite effect; ex: when you step on a tack and the opp. leg reacts to keep you balanced

A

Crossed Extensor Reflex

77
Q

A network formed by the anterior rami branches of spinal nerves L4 through S3

A

Sacral Plexus

Human Anatomy & Physiology (22 decks)

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