Test 1 Flashcards
A protein molecule or protein assembly permanently attached in biological membrane
Integral Protein
Substances that donate protons
Acid
A solution that has a lower concentration of hydroxide ions that hydrogen ions; a pH between 7 and 0
Acidic Solution
The minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction
Activation Engery
A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction
Active Site
A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. The breakage of one phosphate linkage (to form adenosine diphosphate, ADP ) provides energy for physiological processes such as muscular contraction.
Adenosine Diphosphate
A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. The breakage of one phosphate linkage (to form adenosine diphosphate, ADP ) provides energy for physiological processes such as muscular contraction.
Adenosine Triphosphate
A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group
Amino Acid
The energy requiring process of building larger molecules from smaller ones
Anabolism
A position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions in which the body is erect, the head is level, the eyes face forward, the upper limbs are at the sides, the palms face forward, and the feet are flat on the floor
Anatomical Position
ana- = up -tomy = process of cutting
The science of body structures and the realtionships among them.
First studied by dissection.
Anatomy
Negatively charged ion
Anion
Unit of matter that makes up a chemical element; consists of a nucleus and negatively charged electrons that orbit the nucleus
Atom
The mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom
Atomic Mass
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table.
Atomic Number
A process of examining a patient by listening to a patient, often with a stethoscope
Ausculation
A forensic study to determine cause of death
Autopsy
Substances that accept protons from acids
Base
A solution that has a higher concentration of hydroxide ions that hydrogen ions; a pH between 7 and 14
Basic/Alkaline Solution
The smallest blood vessels in the body. The thin walls allow for easy exchange of materials.
Blood Capillaries
A solution that resists a change in pH when acids or bases are added
Buffer System
A large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body
Carbohydrate
System that delivers nutrients and removes waste from cells
Cardiovascular System
The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones
Catabolism
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
Catalyst
Positively charged ion
Cation
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; the smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life
Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; the smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life
Cell
An insoluble substance that is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers
Cellulose
A part or aspect of something abstract, especially one that is essential or characteristic
Chemical Element
A process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction
Chemical Reaction
A code for achemical element
Chemical Symbol
The science of the structure and interactions of matter
Chemistry
A compound of the sterol type found in most body tissues, including the blood and the nerves
Cholesterol
A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Chromosome
A substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together
Compound
Radiography in which a three-dimensional image of a body structure is constructed by computer from a series of plane cross-sectional images made along an axis
Computed Tomography
The measure of the amount of a sub-component (especially solute) in a solution
Concentration
Function of the Nucleus of a cell; also relates to the nervous system
Control Center
A body factor that is continually monitored by receptors
Controlled Condition
Single high intensity burst of x-rays passed through body and recorded on film
Conventional Radiography/X-Ray
A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
Covalent Bond
The branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells
Cytology
The microscopic study of cells
Cytology
Cytosol pulls all organelles except the nucelus
Cytoplasm
Semifluid portion of cytoplasm in which organelles and inclusions are suspended and solutes are dissolved.
Also called intracellular fluid
Cytosol
To put together while losing water
Dehydration Synthesis
The alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress, in such a way that it will no longer be able to carry out its cellular function
Denaturation
Scientific process of determining one disease from another using observations
Diagnosis
The process of cells to become specialized for a specific function
Diffetentiation
System which breaks down nutrients into molecules that can be used and eliminating waste that can’t be used
Digestive System
A peptide composed of two amino-acid residues
Dipeptide
Any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues
Disaccharide
Any change from a state of health
Disease
A self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
The analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids in order to identify individuals
DNA Fingerprinting
A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule.
Double Helix
Body organ that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons
Effector
The ionized or ionizable constituents of a living cell, blood, or other organic matter
Electrolyte
The study of development from the fertilized egg to the end of the eighth week of development
Embryology
Requiring the absorption of energy, the products being of greater free energy than the reactants
Endergonic
System that releases hormones as needed for growth, development, regulation of bodily chemicals
Endocrine System
The study of growth and development and hormones
Endocrinology
A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
Enzyme
The study of diseases
Epidemiology
Producing energy and therefore occurring spontaneously
Exergonic
Fluid found outside a cell
Extracellular Fluid
A carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group, especially any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils
Fatty Acid
Contrast medium is followed thourgh the digestive tract, urinary tract, or circulation by evaluating constant x-ray irradiation through the body and recorded on a screen
Fluoroscopy
The study of genes and heredity
Genetics
Consists of a propane molecule attached to three hydroxyl (OH) groups
Glycerol
A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis
Glycogen
Microscopic study of the structure of tissues
Histology
The body’s way of keeping an internal balance
Homeostasis
A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other
Hydrogen Bond
Ionized hydrogen of the form H +, found in aqueous solutions of allacids.
Hydrogen Ion
The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
Hydrolysis
Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
Water loving
Hydrophilic
Tending to repel or fail to mix with water
Water fearing
Hydrophobic
The ion OH-, characteristic of basic hydroxides
Hydroxide Ion
The study of how the body fights disease and infection
Immunology
A compound that is considered not “organic”
Inorganic Compound
System of skin, tissues, nerves which protect the body from UV rays, harmful chemicals, and internal damage
Integumentary System
The outside of the cells inside the body of an organism
Internal Environment
ECF found between tissues
The extracellular fluid that fills the narrow spaces bewteen cells and tissues.
Interstitial Fluid
The fluid within cells
Intracellular Fluid
An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
Ion
The electrostatic force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions
Ionic Bond
The process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes
Ionization
Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element
Isotope
The total energy of an isolated system remains constant—it is said to be conserved over time
Law of Conservation of Energy
Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.
Lipid
Any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma
Lipoprotein
An infectious or neoplastic process that originates in and is confined to one organ system or general area in the body, such as a sprained ankle, a boil on the hand, an abscess of finger
Local Disease
ECF of the lymphatic system
Lymph
System that fights infection, releases toxins via sweat ducts
Lymphatic and Immune System
A molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer
Macromolecule
A form of medical imaging that measures the response of the atomic nuclei of body tissues to high-frequency radio waves when placed in a strong magnetic field, and that produces images of the internal organs
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Atom’s sum of protons and neutrons
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter
It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest
Mediastinum
A narrative or record of past events and circumstances that are or may be relevant to a patient’s current state of health. Informally, an account of past diseases, injuries, treatments, and other strictly medical facts
Medical History
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. Has two phases; catabolism and anabolism.
Metabolism
Any substance that has uniform and unchanging composition is considered to be pure
Mixture
A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
Molecule
A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
Monomer
Any of the class of sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar
Monosaccharide
An organic compound, especially an oil or fatty acid, containing only one double or triple bond per molecule
Monounsaturated Fats
A membrane covering the viscera that is exposed to the exterior - includes the digestive system, respiratory system
Mucous Membrane
Composed of skeletal muscle tissue.
Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains postureand produces heat.
Muscular System
The changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes
Mutation
System of effectors that reverse a change caused by a stimulus
Negative Feedback System
System that monitors homeostasis within the body. Recognizes sensory stimulation such as temperatures or pain
Nervous System
A nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as abase
Nitrogenous Base
A type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other
Nonpolar Bond
A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain
Nucleic Acid
A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group.
Forms the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA
Nucleotide
A spherical or oval organelle of a cell that contains the heredity factors of the cell, called gametes. A cluster of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system. The central part of an atom made up of protons and neutrons
Nucleus
A spherical or oval organelle of a cell that contains the heredity factors of the cell, called genes. A cluster of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system. The central part of an atom made up of protons and neutrons
Nucleus
Structure composed of two or more different tissues with a specific function
Organ
A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
Organ System
A permanent structure within a cell with characteristic morphology that is specialized to serve a specific function in cellular activities
Organelle
Any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemicalcompounds whose molecules contain carbon
Organic Compound
A total living living form; one individual
Organism
A process of examining a patient by using hands to touch and feel in order to diagnose
Palpation
The study of structural changes caused by diseases
Pathology
A covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acid molecules
Peptide Bond
The act of striking on an underlying part of the body with short, sharp taps as an aid in diagnosing the part by the quality of the sound produced
Percussion
Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart
Pericardium
Double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs
Peritoneum
A numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution
pH Scale
The study of the effectiveness of drugs in the treatment of disease and illnesses
Pharmacology
A lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule
Phospholipid
A medical examination to determine a person’s bodily fitness
Physical Examination
The science of body functions - how the body parts work
Physiology
Outer, limiting membrane that separates the cell’s internal parts from extracellular fluid or the extrenal environment
Plasma Membrane
Serous membrane that covers the pleural cavity
Pleura
A type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms
Polar Bond
A substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together
Polymer
A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule
Polypeptide
A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together
Polysaccharide
Long-chain carbon compounds, especially fatty acids, having two or more double bonds between the carbon atoms
Polyunsaturated Fat
System of effectors that enhance and stimulate changes in a controlled condition
Positive Feedback System
An imaging test that helps reveal how your tissues and organs are functioning by using a radioactive drug
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
The characteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain, considered as the most basic element of its structure
Primary Structure
The substances that are formed during the chemicalchange
Product
A forecast of what can be expected from a specific disease or treatment
Prognosis
Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies
Protein
The biomolecular structure of aprotein molecule
Protein Structure
A base, an anionic substance that acceptsa proton during an acid-basereaction
Proton Acceptor
Acids are substances that can donate H+ ions to bases
Proton Donor
The number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex
Quaternary Structure
A radioactive isotope
Radioisotope
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction
Reactant
Specialized cell that responds to specific sensory stimulus and converts it to an electrical signal
Receptor
System by which gametes join to create a zygote which develops into living offspring
Reproductive System
System responsible for exchanging O2 and CO2 from the blood
Respiratory System
Any behavior of a living organism that results from anexternal or internal stimulus
Response
A nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Any lipid (fat) which contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
Saturated Fat
The local three-dimensional structure of sheets, helices, or other forms adopted by a polynucleotide or polypeptide chain, due to electrostatic attraction between neighboring residues
Secondary Structure
A membrane covering the viscera and cavities that are not exposed to the exterior
Serous Membrane
Can be observed or measured by a doctor in order to diagnose
Sign
Describes carbohydrates made of one or two molecules of sugar, while complex carbohydrates referred to carbohydrates made of three or more molecules of sugar attached together
Simple Sugar
System that provides structural support, organ protection and aids in posture
Skeletal System
The minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent
Solute
Consists of the dissolved material called the solute and the dissolving agent called the solvent
Solution
Able to dissolve other substances
Solvent
A substance which provides your body with energy
Starch
Cells that haven’t undergone differentiation
Stem Cells
Any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms (three six-membered and one five). They include many hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins
Steroid
Anything that disrupts a controlled condition
Stimulus
A body’s method of reacting to a challenge
Stress
The material or substance on which an enzyme acts
Substrate
A heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles settle out of a solvent-like phase some time after their introduction
Suspension
A description a patient might give to a doctor of how they feel. can’t be observed or measured
Symptom
An infection that is in the bloodstream
Systemic Disease
The overall three-dimensional structure resulting from folding and covalent cross-linking of a protein or polynucleotide molecule
Tertiary Structure
A group of similar cells and their intercellular substance joined together to perform a specific function
Tissue
An ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups. The main constituents of natural fats and oils, and high concentrations in the blood indicate an elevated risk of stroke
Triglyceride
High frequency sound waves directed into the body and their echoes are analyzed, and a computer recreates images.
Ultrasound/Sonogram
System that removes liquid waste and detoxifies the body of harmful substances
Urinary System
Pertaining to internal organs
Viscera
Pore-forming membrane proteins whose functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ionsacross the cell membrane, controlling the flow ofions across secretory and epithelial cells, and regulating cell volume
Ion Channels/Pores
Proteins bound to a nonprotein group; they can undergo oxidation and reduction relatively easily, thus allowing electrons to flow through the system
Carrier Molecules
The property of a membrane by which it permits the passage of certain substances but restricts the passage of others
Selectively Permeable
Process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area of higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles
Concentration Gradient
A passive process in which there is a net or greater movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
Diffusion
The net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration until equilibrium is reached
Osmosis
Two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side
Isotonic
Has lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid
Hypotonic
Having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid
Hypertonic
The process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins
Down the concentration gradient, requires no ATP, requires carrier molecules/channels/proteins/pores
Facilitated Diffusion
The movement of substances across cell membranes against a concentration gradient, requires ATP
Active Transport
The uptake into a cell of large molecules and particles by vesicles formed from the plasma membrane
Endocytosis
The process by which phagocytes ingest and destroy microbes, cell debris, and other foreign matter
Phagocytosis
The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
Pinocytosis
Process in which membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles form inside the cell, fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents into the interstitial fluid; achieves secretion of materials from a cell
Exocytosis
Temporary protrusions of the leading edge of a migrating cell; cellular projections that surround a particle undergoing phagocytosis
Pseudopods
Complex integral structure of cytoplasm consisting of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments
Cytoskeleton
A dense network of small protein fibers near the nucleus of a cell, containing a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material
Centrosome
A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division
Centriole
A hair like process projecting from a cell that may be used to move the entire cell or to move substances along the surface of the cell
Cilium
Hairlike, motile processes on the extremity of a bacterium, protozan, or sperm cell
Flagellum
A cellular structure in the cytoplasm of cells, composed of a small subunit and a large subunit that contain ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins; the site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
A network of channels running through the cytoplasm of a cell that serves in intracellular transportation, support, storage, synthesis, and packaging molecules.
With ribosomes is the rough ER
Without ribosomes is the smooth ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
An organelle in the cytoplasm of cells consisting of 4-6 flattened sacs, stacked on one another, with expanded areas at their ends.
Functions in processing, sorting, packaging, and delivering proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and scretory vesicles
Golgi Complex
An organelle in the cytoplasm of a cell, eclosed by a single membrane and containing powerful digestive enzymes
Lysosome
Organelle similar in structure to a lysosome that contains enzymes that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic compounds; such reactions produce hydrogen peroxied; abundant in liver cells
Peroxisome
A double-membraned organelle that plays a central role in the production of ATP, known as the “power-house” of the cell
Mitochondrion
The double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells
Nuclear Envelope
A protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Nuclear Pore
A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase
Nucleolus
Biological unit of heredity; a segment of DNA located in a definite position on a particular chromosome; a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA
Gene
The threadlike mass of genetic material, consisting of DNA and histone proteins, that is present in the nucleus of a nondiving or interphase cell
Chromatin
The complete set of genes of an organism
Genome
One of a pair identical connected nucleoprotein strands that are joined at the centromere and separate during cell division, each becoming a chromosome of one of the two daughter cells
Chromatid
The process of copying the information represented by the sequence of base triplets in DNA into a complementary sequence of codons
Transcription
A sequence of three bases in DNA or RNA which together code for an amino acid or some other signal in protein synthesis
Base Triplet
A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA
Anticodon
Process in which the nucleotides sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
Translation
DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms
Recombinant DNA
The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material
Genetic Engineering
The orderly division of the nucleus of a cell that ensures that each new nucleus has the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original nucleus. The process includes the replication of chromosomes and the distribution of the two sets of chromosomes into 2 separate and equal nuclei
Mitosis
Distribution of the cytoplasm into 2 separate cells during cell division; coordinated with nuclear division
Cytokinesis
A type of cell division that occurs during production of gametes, involving 2 successive nuclear divisions that result in cells with the haploid number of chromosomes
Meiosis
(of organs) similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function
(of chromosomes) pairing at meiosis and having the same structural features and pattern of genes
Homologous
A male or female reproductive cell; a sperm cell or secondary oocyte
Gamete
The female reproductive or germ cell; arises through completion of meiosis in a secondary oocyte after penetration by a sperm
Ovum
A mature male gamete
Sperm
The single cell resulting from the union of male and female gametes; the fertilized ovum
Zygote
Penetration of a secondary oocyte by a sperm cell, meiotic division of secondary oocyte to form an ovum, and subsequent union of the nuclei of the gametes
Fertilization
Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
Diploid
Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
Haploid
A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule
Double Helix
The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
A yellowish organic acid that occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis
Pyruvic Acid
A type of respiration that does not use oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
The chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat
Fermentation
A colorless syrupy organic acid formed in sour milk and produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercise
Lactic Acid
The process most living things undergo to use food energy
Aerobic Respiration
The sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP
Krebs Cycle
A series of compounds that transfer electrons fromelectron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane
Electron Transport Chain
The study of tumors
Oncology
A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled or abnormal cell division
Cancer
A swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant
Tumor
A new growth that may be benign or malignant
Neoplasm
Very virulent or infectious
Malignant
The spread of cancer to surrounding tissue or to other body sites
Metastasis
Not harmful in effect: in particular, (of a tumor) not malignant
Benign
The formation of blood vessels in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac, connecting stalk, and chorion at the beginning of the third week of development
Angiogenesis
A substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue
Carcinogen
An agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that causes genetic mutation
Mutagen
Cancer causing gene; it derives from a normal gene, termed a protooncogene, that encodes proteins involved in cell growth or cell regulation but has the ability to transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell when it’s mutated or inappropriately activated
Oncogene
Any virus capable of inducing tumors
Oncogenic Virus
The enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type, as a developmental disorder or an early stage in the development of cancer
Dysplasia
A substance present in or produced by a tumor or by the host, that can be used for differentiating neoplastic from normal tissue based on measurements in body fluids, secretions, cells, and/or tissues
A malignant tumor of connective or other nonepithelial tissue
Sarcoma
A cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs
Carcinoma
