Test 1 Flashcards
A protein molecule or protein assembly permanently attached in biological membrane
Integral Protein
Substances that donate protons
Acid
A solution that has a lower concentration of hydroxide ions that hydrogen ions; a pH between 7 and 0
Acidic Solution
The minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction
Activation Engery
A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction
Active Site
A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. The breakage of one phosphate linkage (to form adenosine diphosphate, ADP ) provides energy for physiological processes such as muscular contraction.
Adenosine Diphosphate
A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. The breakage of one phosphate linkage (to form adenosine diphosphate, ADP ) provides energy for physiological processes such as muscular contraction.
Adenosine Triphosphate
A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group
Amino Acid
The energy requiring process of building larger molecules from smaller ones
Anabolism
A position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions in which the body is erect, the head is level, the eyes face forward, the upper limbs are at the sides, the palms face forward, and the feet are flat on the floor
Anatomical Position
ana- = up -tomy = process of cutting
The science of body structures and the realtionships among them.
First studied by dissection.
Anatomy
Negatively charged ion
Anion
Unit of matter that makes up a chemical element; consists of a nucleus and negatively charged electrons that orbit the nucleus
Atom
The mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom
Atomic Mass
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table.
Atomic Number
A process of examining a patient by listening to a patient, often with a stethoscope
Ausculation
A forensic study to determine cause of death
Autopsy
Substances that accept protons from acids
Base
A solution that has a higher concentration of hydroxide ions that hydrogen ions; a pH between 7 and 14
Basic/Alkaline Solution
The smallest blood vessels in the body. The thin walls allow for easy exchange of materials.
Blood Capillaries
A solution that resists a change in pH when acids or bases are added
Buffer System
A large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body
Carbohydrate
System that delivers nutrients and removes waste from cells
Cardiovascular System
The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones
Catabolism
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
Catalyst
Positively charged ion
Cation
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; the smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life
Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; the smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life
Cell
An insoluble substance that is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers
Cellulose
A part or aspect of something abstract, especially one that is essential or characteristic
Chemical Element
A process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction
Chemical Reaction
A code for achemical element
Chemical Symbol
The science of the structure and interactions of matter
Chemistry
A compound of the sterol type found in most body tissues, including the blood and the nerves
Cholesterol
A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Chromosome
A substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together
Compound
Radiography in which a three-dimensional image of a body structure is constructed by computer from a series of plane cross-sectional images made along an axis
Computed Tomography
The measure of the amount of a sub-component (especially solute) in a solution
Concentration
Function of the Nucleus of a cell; also relates to the nervous system
Control Center
A body factor that is continually monitored by receptors
Controlled Condition
Single high intensity burst of x-rays passed through body and recorded on film
Conventional Radiography/X-Ray
A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
Covalent Bond
The branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells
Cytology
The microscopic study of cells
Cytology
Cytosol pulls all organelles except the nucelus
Cytoplasm
Semifluid portion of cytoplasm in which organelles and inclusions are suspended and solutes are dissolved.
Also called intracellular fluid
Cytosol
To put together while losing water
Dehydration Synthesis
The alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress, in such a way that it will no longer be able to carry out its cellular function
Denaturation
Scientific process of determining one disease from another using observations
Diagnosis
The process of cells to become specialized for a specific function
Diffetentiation
System which breaks down nutrients into molecules that can be used and eliminating waste that can’t be used
Digestive System
A peptide composed of two amino-acid residues
Dipeptide
Any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues
Disaccharide
Any change from a state of health
Disease
A self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
The analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids in order to identify individuals
DNA Fingerprinting
A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule.
Double Helix
Body organ that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons
Effector
The ionized or ionizable constituents of a living cell, blood, or other organic matter
Electrolyte
The study of development from the fertilized egg to the end of the eighth week of development
Embryology
Requiring the absorption of energy, the products being of greater free energy than the reactants
Endergonic
System that releases hormones as needed for growth, development, regulation of bodily chemicals
Endocrine System
The study of growth and development and hormones
Endocrinology
A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
Enzyme
The study of diseases
Epidemiology
Producing energy and therefore occurring spontaneously
Exergonic
Fluid found outside a cell
Extracellular Fluid
A carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group, especially any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils
Fatty Acid
Contrast medium is followed thourgh the digestive tract, urinary tract, or circulation by evaluating constant x-ray irradiation through the body and recorded on a screen
Fluoroscopy
The study of genes and heredity
Genetics
Consists of a propane molecule attached to three hydroxyl (OH) groups
Glycerol
A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis
Glycogen
Microscopic study of the structure of tissues
Histology
The body’s way of keeping an internal balance
Homeostasis
A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other
Hydrogen Bond
Ionized hydrogen of the form H +, found in aqueous solutions of allacids.
Hydrogen Ion
The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
Hydrolysis
Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
Water loving
Hydrophilic
Tending to repel or fail to mix with water
Water fearing
Hydrophobic
The ion OH-, characteristic of basic hydroxides
Hydroxide Ion
The study of how the body fights disease and infection
Immunology
A compound that is considered not “organic”
Inorganic Compound
System of skin, tissues, nerves which protect the body from UV rays, harmful chemicals, and internal damage
Integumentary System
The outside of the cells inside the body of an organism
Internal Environment
ECF found between tissues
The extracellular fluid that fills the narrow spaces bewteen cells and tissues.
Interstitial Fluid
The fluid within cells
Intracellular Fluid
An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
Ion
The electrostatic force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions
Ionic Bond
The process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes
Ionization
Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element
Isotope
The total energy of an isolated system remains constant—it is said to be conserved over time
Law of Conservation of Energy
Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.
Lipid
Any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma
Lipoprotein
An infectious or neoplastic process that originates in and is confined to one organ system or general area in the body, such as a sprained ankle, a boil on the hand, an abscess of finger
Local Disease
ECF of the lymphatic system
Lymph
System that fights infection, releases toxins via sweat ducts
Lymphatic and Immune System
A molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer
Macromolecule
A form of medical imaging that measures the response of the atomic nuclei of body tissues to high-frequency radio waves when placed in a strong magnetic field, and that produces images of the internal organs
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Atom’s sum of protons and neutrons
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter
It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest
Mediastinum
A narrative or record of past events and circumstances that are or may be relevant to a patient’s current state of health. Informally, an account of past diseases, injuries, treatments, and other strictly medical facts
Medical History
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body. Has two phases; catabolism and anabolism.
Metabolism
Any substance that has uniform and unchanging composition is considered to be pure
Mixture
