Test 4: Chapter 14 Flashcards
Controls the autonomic nervous system. Relays information between the CNS and endocrine system. Monitors blood substances. No blood -brain barrier. Involved in hunger, thirst, sex drives, temperature regulation, & maintain sleep cycle.
Hypothalamus
State of rapid eye movement sleep, hypnosis, lucid dreaming and the barely conscious state just before sleeping and just after waking
Theta Waves
A brain structure responsible for the perception of taste. It consists of two substructures: the anterior insula on the insular lobe and the frontal operculum on the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe.
Primary Gustatory Area
A barrier located at the tight junctions that surround and connect the cuboidal epithelial cells on the surface of the choroid plexus
Blood CSF Barrier
Hemisphere that is more involved in reasoning; number & logical skills, written & spoken language. usually contains Wernicke and Broca area
Left Hemispheres
Each of the paired lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behavior, learning, personality, and voluntary movement
Frontal Lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex concerned with the interpretation of sensory impulses
Sensory Area
A network of small groups of neuronal cell bodies scattered among bundles of axons beginning in the medulla oblongata and extending superiorly through the central part of the brain stem
Reticular Formation
The folds of the cerebral cortex of the brain
Gyri
A barrier consisting of specialized brain capillaries and astrocytes that prevents the passage of materials from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid and brain
Blood Brain Barrier
A network of capillaries located in the roof of each of the four ventricles of the brain; ependymal cells around this point produce cerebrospinal fluid
Choroid Plexus
A life-threatening metabolic disorder in young children, of uncertain cause but sometimes precipitated by aspirin and involving encephalitis and liver failure.
Reye’s Syndrome
A graphical record of electrical activity of the brain
Electroencephalogram
A cavity in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid. An inferior chamber of the heart
Ventricles
A state of sluggishness, inactivity, and apathy
Lethargy
Rythmic waves and have a higher frequency; occur when we are mentally alert, thinking, brain is active or during REM sleep
Beta Waves
The part of the brain lying posterior to the medulla oblongata and pons; governs balance and coordinates skilled movements
Cerebellum
A pointed or cone shaped structure. One of two roughly triangular structures on the anterior aspect of the medulla oblongata composed of the largest motor tracts that run from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. A triangular structure in the renal medulla
Pyramids
One of twellve pairs of nerves that leave the brain; pass through foramina in the skill; and supply sensory and motor neurons to the head, neck, and part of the trunk, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen. Each is designated by a roman numeral and name
Cranial Nerves
The part of the brain stem that forms a “bridge” between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, anterior to the cerebellum
Pons
A groove of depression between parts, especially between the convolutions of the brain
Sulci/Sulcus
Part of the human brain responsible for the regulation of the rate at which the heart beats through the nervous and endocrine systems. It is found in the medulla
Cardiac Center
A sudden attack of weakness or paralysis that occurs when blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted
Stroke
In the Occipital Lobe, nerve impulses from photoreceptors in the retina of the eyes and constructs images
Primary Visual Area
Collection of cell bodies in the medulla oblongata of the brain that regulates or modulates blood pressure and cardiac function
Vasomotor Central
Aggregations or bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons located in the brain and spinal cord
The paler tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve fibers with their myelin sheaths.
White Matter
In each hemisphere, separates the frontal and parietal lobes
Fold, in the cerebral cortex in the brains of vertebrates
Central Sulcus
The portion of the brain immediately superior to the spinal cord, made up of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Brain Stem
A fluid produced by ependymal cells that cover choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain; the fluid circulates in the ventricles, the central canal, and the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Hemisphere involved in musical and artistic abilities, pattern recognition, knowing faces, understanding the emotional content of language and visualizing descriptions
Right Hemisphere
Part of the Medulla Oblongata where nerve tracks cross over.
Crossing of 90% of the axons in the large motor tracts to opposite sides in the medullary pyramids
Decussation of Pyramids
In the Temporal lobe, receives impulses from ears and interprets basic sounds - pitch & rhythm
Primary Auditory Area
The region of the cerebral cortex that governs muscular movement, particularly the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
Motor Area
The great commissure of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
An area of the midbrain that is involved in motor control and contains a large concentration of dopamine-producing neurons
Substantia Nigra
A general term for disorders that involve difficulty in learning to read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols, but that do not affect general intelligence
Dyslexia
An abnormal growth of tissue in the brain
Brain Tumor
Groove in the cerebrum that divides the left and right hemispheres
Longitudinal Fissure
Either of two compounds that occur naturally in the brain. They are peptides related to the endorphins, with similar physiological effects
Enkephalins
Egg-shaped mass of gray matter, main relay center between the brain stem and the cerebrum, and registers conscious recognition of pain and temperature, and is concerned with certain emotions
Thalamus
The three membranes covering th brain and spinal cord
Cranial Meninges
The part of the brain between the pons and the diencephalon. Also called the mesencephalon
Midbrain
Two small rounded bodies on the inferior aspect of the hypothalamus that are involved in reflexes related to the sense of smell
Mamillary Bodies
A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. Also called noradrenaline
Norepinephrine
A cone-shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle that secretes melatonin
Pineal Gland
An interrupted fissure anterior to and in general parallel with the central sulcus, marking the anterior border of the precentral gyrus
Site of the primary motor cortex
Precentral Sulcus
Found within the superior margin of the falx cerebri,
a cavity created which collects blood draining from the brain tissue
Superior Sagittal Sinus
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Delta Waves
Gyrus of cerebral cortex located immediately posterior to the central sulcus; contains the primary somatosensory area
Postcentral Gyrus
A part of the brain consisting of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and apithalamus
Diencephalon
Gyrus of cerebral cortex located immediately anterior to the central sulcus; contains the primary motor area
Precentral Gyrus
Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluids in the ventricles of the brain.
Hydrocephalus
In the Occipital Lobe, interprets images seen and compares them to previous visual experiences and memories
Visual Association Area
The stalklike structure that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus of the brain. The funnel-shaped, open, distal end of the uterine tube
Infundibulum
A fold of the dura mater extending deep intothe longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres
Falx Cerebri
The deepest and most prominent of the cortical fissures; separates the frontal lobes and temporal lobes in bothhemispheres
Lateral Cerebral Sulcus
Any of a group of hormones secreted within the brain and nervous system and having a number of physiological functions. They are peptides that activate the body’s opiate receptors, causing an analgesic effect
Endorphins
The sulcus that demarcates the postcentral gyrus from the superior and inferior parietal lobules.
Contains the primary somasensory area of the cerebral cortex.
Postcentral Sulcus
A bruise of soft tissue; a collection of blood to a damaged area.
Contusion
Traumatic injury to the brain that produces no visible bruising but may result in abrupt, temporary loss of consciousness
Concussion
A Temporary stroke. a brief episode in which the brain gets insufficient blood supply
Transient Ischemic Attack
A temporary state in which individuals experience a clouding of consciousness in which they are unaware of what is happening around them and are unable to focus or pay attention
Delirium
An area at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that is the primary receiving area for visual information
Occipital Lobe
The loss of the ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison, or injury
Paralysis
Group of nucli (grey mater) found in the cerebral hemispheres. regulate muscle tone for movement, and control automatic skeletal movements.
Basal Ganglia
Disabling neurological disorder characterized by dysfunction and death of specific cerebral neurons, resulting in widespread intellectual impairment, personality changes, and fluctuations in alertness
Alzheimer’s Disease
Portion posterior to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch
Parietal Lobe
Large cortical regions on the lateral surfaces of the occipiral, parietal, and temporal lobes and on the frontal lobes anterior to the motor areas connected by many motor and sensory axons to other parts of the cortex; concerned with motor patterns, memory, concepts of word-hearing and word-seeing, reasoning, will, judgment, and personality traits
Association Areas
The motor area of the brain in the frontal lobe that translates thoughts into speech
Broca’s Area
Motor area of the brain in the frontal lobe that translates thoughts into speech. Also called Broca’s speech area
Motor Speech Area
The two hemispheres of the forebrain, making up the largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
A compound present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including epinephrine.
Dopamine
An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information
Temporal Lobe
Area where spinal cord becomes the brain stem. Contains vasomotor center and decussation of pyramids. Involved in sneezing, vomiting, hiccups, swallowing and coughing.
Medulla Oblongata
A slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes
Dementia
Projections of the arachnoid mater that protrude into the superior sagittal sinus and through which cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream
Arachnoid Villi
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state of wakefulness, idle. Regular and rhythmic, low amplitude.
Alpha Waves
A deep torn, ragged-edged wound of the skin
Laceration
A neurotransmitter liberated by many peripheral nervous system neurons and some central nervous system neurons. It is excitatory at neuromuscular junctions but inhibitory at some other synapses
Acetylcholine
A groove, fold, or slit that may be normal or abnormal
Fissures
The surface of the cerebral hemispheres, 2-4 mm thick, consistinf of gray matter; arranged in six layers of neuronal cell bodies in most areas
Cerebral Cortex
A bridge that connects the two halves of the thalamus
Intermediate Mass
A small endocrine gland occupying the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone and attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum. Also called the hypophysis
Pituitary Gland
A part of the forebrain, sometimes termed the visceral brain, concerned with various aspects of emotion and behavior; includes the limbic lobe, dentate gyrus, amygdala, septal nuclei, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nucleus, olfactory bulbs, and bundles or myelinated axons
Limbic System
Destruction of brain tissue resulting from obstruction or rupture of blood vessels that supply the brain
Cerebrovascular Accident
A state of reduced or suspended sensibility; state of mental numbness, as that resulting from shock; a daze; condition of dullness, often resulting from stress; unconsciousness
Stupor
A triangular area of the cerebral cortex that lies deep within the lateral cerebral fissure, under the parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes
Insula
