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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Test 3: Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Test 3: Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranial cavity

A

Brain

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2
Q

A mass of nerve tissue located in the vertebral canal from which 31 pairs of spinal nerves originate

A

Spinal Cord

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3
Q

One of 12 pairs of nerves that leave the brain; pass through formina in the skull; and supply sensory and motor neurons to the head, neck, part of the trunk, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen. Each is designed by a Roman numeral and a name

A

Cranial Nerves

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4
Q

One of 31 pairs of nerves that originate on the spinal cord from posterior and anterior roots

A

Spinal Nerves

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5
Q

A group of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the central nervous system

A

Ganglion

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6
Q

Highly specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and respond to one type of sensory stimuli - light, sound, or odor, for example - and transduce (convert)the stimuli into neural impulses

A

Sensory Receptor

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7
Q

Conscious awareness of a sensation, A person’s cognitive (mental) interpretation of events

A

Perception

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8
Q

Neuron that carries sensory information from cranial and spinal nerves into the brain and spinal cord or from a lower to a higher level in the spinal cord and brain. Also called an afferent neuron

A

Sensory Neurons

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9
Q

Neurons whose axons extend only for a short distance and contact nearby neurons in the brain, spinal cord, or a ganglion; they comprise the vast majority of neurons in the body. Also called association neurons

A

Interneurons

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10
Q

Neurons that conduct impulses from the brain toward the spinal cord or out of the brain and spinal cord into cranial or spinal nerves to effectors that may be either muscles or glands. Also called efferent neurons

A

Motor Neurons

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11
Q

A neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord

A

Efferent Neurons

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12
Q

An organ in the body, either a muscle or gland, that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons

A

Effectors

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13
Q

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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14
Q

The part of the nervous system that lies outside the central nervous system, consisting of nerves and ganglia

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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15
Q

One of the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, having cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in the lateral gray columns of the thoracic segment and the first two or three lumbar segments of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with processes involving the expenditure of energy. Also called the thoracolumbar division

A

Sympathetic Division

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16
Q

One of the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, having cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in nuclei in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horn of the sacral portion of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with activities that conserve and restore body energy. Also known as the craniiosacral division

A

Parasympathetic Division

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17
Q

Any stress that chanfes a controlled condition; any change in the internal or external environment that excites a sensory receptor, a neuron, or a muscle fiber

A

Stimulus

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18
Q

An electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron a neuron or muscle fiber; a rapid change in membrane potential that involves a depolarization followed by a repolarization. Also called a nerve action potential or nerve impulse as it relates to a neuron, and a muscle action potential as it relates to a muscle fiber

A

Aciton Potential

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19
Q

General term for any process (axon or dendrite) projecting from the cell body of a neuron

A

Nerve Fiber

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20
Q

A neuronal process that carries electrical signals, usually graded potentials, toward the cell body

A

Dendrite

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21
Q

The usually single, long process of a nerve cell that propagates a nerve impulse toward the axon terminals

A

Axon

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22
Q

Cytoplasm of the axon

A

Axoplasm

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23
Q

The plasma membrane of the axon

A

Axolemma

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24
Q

Branches off of the axon to communicate with other neurons

A

Axon Collaterals

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25
Q

Terminal branch of an axon where synaptic vesicles undergo exocytosis to release neurotransmitter molecules. Also called telodendria

A

Axon Terminal

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26
Q

The functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such as a muscle or gland; may be electrical or chemical

A

Synapse

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27
Q

Expanded distal end of an axon terminal that contains synaptic vesicles. Also called synaptic knob

A

Synaptic End Bulb

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28
Q

Membrane-enclosed sac in a synaptic end bulb that stores neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic Vesicles

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29
Q

One of a variety of molecules within axon teminals that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and that change the membran potential of the postsynaptic neuron

A

Neurotransmitter

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30
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum in neuron

A

Nissl Bodies

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31
Q

Axoplasmic flow; moves enzymes and cytoskeleton components down the axon, renews worn-out axoplasmic components in mature neurons; governs speed of damaged nerve fiber regeneration

A

Slow Axonal Transport

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32
Q

Process by which neurotransmitter-containing vesicles are moved from the cell body to the axon terminal of a neuron; requires molecular motors.

A

Fast Axonal Transport

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33
Q

A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system.

A

Multipolar Neuron

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34
Q

Only has 2 processes: one dendrite and one axon; Dendrite often specialized to receive stimulus, axon conducts action potentials to CNS; EX - sensory in retina of eye and nose

A

Bipolar Neuron

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35
Q

A neuron with one axon attached to its soma; the axon divides, with one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information into the central nervous system.

A

Unipolar Neuron

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36
Q

Cells of the nervous system that perform various supportive functions. The neuroglia of the central nervous system are the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells; neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system include Schwann cells and satellite cells. Also called glia

A

Neuroglia

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37
Q

A tumor composed of neuroglial cells is known as a

A

Glioma

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38
Q

A neuroglia cell having a star shape that participates in brain development and the metabolism of neurotransmitters, helps form the blood-brain barrier, helps maintain the proper balance of K+ for generation of nerve impulses, and provides a link between neurons and blood vessels

A

Astrocytes

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39
Q

A neuron glial cell that supports neurons and produces a myelin sheath around axons of neurons of the central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes

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40
Q

Act as phagocytes, eating damaged cells and bacteria, act as the brains immune system

A

Microglia

41
Q

Neuroglial cells that cover choroid plexuses and produce cerebrospinal fluid; they also line the ventricles of the brain and probably assist in the circulation of CSF

A

Ependymal Cells

42
Q

A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system that forms the myelin sheath and neurolemma around a nerve axon by wrapping around the axon in a jelly-roll fashion

A

Neurolemmocytes (Schwann Cells)

43
Q

Flat neuroglial cells that surround cell bodies of peripheral nervous system ganglia to provide structural support and regulate the exchange of material between a neuronal cell body and interstitial fluid

A

Satellite Cells

44
Q

Multilayered lipid and protein covering, formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, around axons of many peripheral and central nervous system neurons

A

Myelin Sheath

45
Q

Myelinated vs. Unmyelinated

A
46
Q

The peripheral, nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell. Also called the sheath of schwann

A

Neurolemma

47
Q

A space alonf a myelinated axon between the individual Schwann cells that form the myelin sheath and the neurolemma

A

Node of Ranvier

48
Q

Aggregations or bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons located in the brain and spinal cord

A

White Matter

49
Q

Areas in the central nervous system and ganglia containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia; Nissl bodies impart a gray color and there is little or no myelin in gray matter

A

Gray Matter

50
Q

An electrical potential established across the plasma membrane of all cells by the Na+/K+ ATPase and the K+ leak channels. IN most cells it is approximately -70 mV with respect to the outside of the cell

A

Resting Membrane Potential

51
Q

The combined difference in concentration and charge; influences the distribution and direction of diffusion of ions

A

Electrochemical Gradient

52
Q

Protein channels that open or close in response to stimuli and allows ions to pass through

A

Gated Ion Channels

53
Q

Some chemicals get through the gated channels

A

Leakage

54
Q

A class of transmembrane ion channels that are activated by changes in electrical membrane potential near the channel; these types of ionchannels are especially critical in neurons, but are common in many types of cells

A

Voltage-Gated Channel

55
Q

Group of transmembrane ion channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger, such as a neurotransmitter

A

Chemically/Ligand-Gated

56
Q

Are ion channels which open their pores in response tomechanical deformation of a neuron’s plasma membrane

A

Mechanically-Gated

57
Q

A group of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels; pores which open or close in response to light

A

Light-Gated

58
Q

Reduction in membrane potential
A positive shift in the electrical charge in the neuron’s resting potential, making it less negatively charged

A

Depolarization

59
Q

Cell returned to a more negative potential
after Na+ ions have rushed into the cell, K+ ions rush out of the cell to restore the balance and the original polarity

A

Repolarization

60
Q

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

A

Threshold

61
Q

The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction

A

Hyperpolarization

62
Q

Minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin

A

Absolute Refractory Period

63
Q

A period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual

A

Relative Refractory Period

64
Q

Propagation of an action potential in a step-by-step depolarization of each adjacent area of an axon membrane

A

Continuous Conduction

65
Q

Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane

A

Saltatory Conduction

66
Q

A neuron that propagates nerve impulses toward a synapse

A

Presynaptic Neuron

67
Q

The nerve cell that is activated by the release of a neurotransmitter from another neuron and carries nerve impulses away from the synapse

A

Postsynaptic Neuron

68
Q

A type of synapse in which the cells are connected by gap junctions, allowing ions (and therefore an action potential) to spread easily from cell to cell, usually in smooth and cardiac muscle

A

Electrical Synapse

69
Q

A type of synapse at which a neurotransmitter is released from the axon of a neuron into the synaptic cleft where it binds to receptors on the next structure in sequence, either another neuron or an organ

A

Chemical Synapse

70
Q

A voltage change at the receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane

A

Postsynaptic Potential

71
Q

What opens on the axon terminal as action potential is traveling?

A

Voltage-Gated Ca2+Channels

72
Q

A protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter or hormone.
Embedded in plasma membrane of post-synaptic cell. Either are ion channels themselves or interface with ion channels

A

Neurotransmitter Receptors

73
Q

A postsynaptic potential that depolarizes the neuronal membrane, making the cell more likely to fire an action potential

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

74
Q

A postsynaptic potential that hyperpolarizes the neuronal membrane, making a cell less likely to fire an action potential

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

75
Q

Individual signals from separate synapses located at different locations across the neuron, occur close enough in time that they converge and “add up” as they travel across the neuron

A

Spatial Summation

76
Q

Occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous decays. This allows the EPSPs to add up to reach a threshold voltage that triggers an action potential

A

Temporal Summation

77
Q

A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. Also called noradrenaline

A

Norepinephrine

78
Q

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. Aslo called adrenaline

A

Epinephrine

79
Q

Treats circulation problems caused by heart attack, heart failure, kidney failure, low blood pressure, or surgery

A

Dopamine

80
Q

A compound present in blood platelets and serum that constricts the blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter

A

Serotonin

81
Q

A colorless toxic gas formed in many reactions in which nitric acid is reduced, as in reaction with copper. It reacts immediately with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide

A

Nitric Oxide

82
Q

Either of two compounds that occur naturally in the brain. They are peptides related to the endorphins, with similar physiological effects

A

Enkephalins

83
Q

Any of a group of hormones secreted within the brain and nervous system and having a number of physiological functions. They are peptides that activate the body’s opiate receptors, causing an analgesic effect

A

Endorphins

84
Q

A biologically active substance found in plants and in brain and other animal tissues; it is a neurotransmitter that inhibits activation of neurones

A

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

85
Q

Growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs

A

Regeneration

86
Q

The study of the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system

A

Neurology

87
Q

A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the nervous system

A

Neurologist

88
Q

A poison that acts on the nervous system

A

Neurotoxin

89
Q

Anesthesia that affects a restricted area of the body

A

Local Anesthetics

90
Q

Used to cause numbness or loss of feeling in an area of your body. This medicine is a type of anesthesia.

(before and during surgery, childbirth, or other procedures)

A

Novacaine

91
Q

A synthetic compound used as a local anesthetic

(for dental surgery, and in treating abnormal heart rhythms)

A

Lidocaine

92
Q

A chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue

A

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

93
Q

A neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain

A

Epilepsy

94
Q

Disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or weakness

A

Neuropathy

95
Q

A contagious and fatal viral disease of dogs and other mammals that causes madness and convulsions, transmissible through the saliva to humans

A

Rabies

96
Q

A tumor composed of neuroglial cells is known as a

A

Glioma

97
Q

The prolonged contraction of a muscle caused by rapidly repeated stimuli.

Muscles not allowed to relax

A

Tetanus

98
Q

Can be fatal to humans and other animals and can occur by inhalation, swallowing or absorption through eyes or mouth. It produces some of the most dramatic and painful symptoms of any known toxic reaction

A

Strychnine Poisoning

Human Anatomy & Physiology (22 decks)

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