Test 4: Chapter 16 Flashcards
A free nerve ending that detects painful stimuli
Nociceptor
Sensory receptor that detects the presence of a specific chemical
Chemoreceptor
A condition characterized by an extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing surroundings.
Narcolepsy
A state of wakefulness in which an individual is fully alert, aware and oriented, partly as a result of feedback between the cerebral cortex and reticular activating system
Consciousness
A drug-induced state in which the CNS nerve impulses are altered to reduce pain and other sensations throughout the entire body. It normally involves complete loss of consciousness and depression of normal respiratory drive.
General Anesthesia
Sensory receptor located in blood vessels and viscera that provides information about the body’s internal environment
Interoceptor/Viscroceptor
Any stress that changes a controlled condition; any change in the internal or external environment that excites a sensory receptor, a neuron, or a muscle fiber
Stimulus
The capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time
Short-Term Memory
Pain relief; absence of the sensation of pain
Analgesia
A lack or loss of memory
Amnesia
A hereditary disorder with mental and physical deterioration leading to death. Although characterized as an “adult-onset” disease, it can affect children as well
Huntington Disease
The interpretation of a stimulus
Perception
Pain from the skin, muscles, joints, tendons, and fascia.
Somatic Pain
Sensory receptor that detects changes in temperature
Thermoreceptor
Not felt in the deeper tissues, sharp pain, a knife cut, skin burn, or pin prick
Fast (Acute) Pain
A sensory receptor adapted for the reception of stimuli from outside the body
Exteroceptor
Acupuncture
Process whereby a receptor no longer sends an action potential because stimulus intensity stays the same or diminishes. Temperature, taste, and smell adapt quickly. Osmoregulators, pain, an chemical intro receptors adapt slowly.
Adaptation
Rapid eye movement, dreaming occurs, most motor neurons inhibited, EEG is similar to an awake person.
REM Sleep
A chronic bacterial disease that is contracted chiefly by infection during sexual intercourse, but also congenitally by infection of a developing fetus
STD that if not treated may go to the brain, and will go insane
Syphilis
Conducts the impulse from the brainstem- spinal cord to the thalamus (Always ends in the thalamus)
Interneuron, spinal cord or medulla to thalamus
Second-Order Neurons
A network of dendrites arranged around the root of a hair as free or naked nerve endings that are stimulated when a hair shaft is moved
Hair Root Plexus
a state of awareness of external or internal conditions of the body
Senstaion
Sensory receptor that detects mechanical deformation of the receptor itself or adjacent cells; stimuli so detected include those related to touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearin, equilibrium, and blood pressure
Mechanoreceptor
A portion of the reticular formation that has many ascending connections with the cerebral cortex; when this area of the brain stem is active, nerve impulses pass to the thalamus and widespread areas of the cerebral cortex, resulting in generalized alertness or arousal from sleep
Reticular Activating System
The pattern of biological activity on a twenty four hour cycle, such as the sleep-wake cycle
Circadian Rhythm
Pain from visceral organs. Such as kidney stones, gall stones, or bowel blockage
Pain that results from the activation of nociceptors of the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal viscera
Visceral Pain
A sensory receptor for touch; found in dermal papillae, especially in the pams and soles. Also called a Meissner corpuscle
Corpuscles of Touch
Habitual sleeplessness; inability to sleep.
Insomnia
Conducts nerve impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area
Third Order Neurons
A system for permanently storing, managing, and retrieving information for later use
Long-Term Memory
An encapsulated proprioceptor in a skeletal muscle, consisting of specialized intrafusal muscle fibers and nerve endings; stimulated by changes in length or tension of muscle fibers
Muscle Spindles
Achieved by injecting a local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture causing sensory, motor, and autonomtic blockage. e.g., lower abdomen, perineum, and legs. Hypotension, headache and urine retention may occur.
Spinal Anesthesia
An impression of a vivid sensation (especially a visual image) retained after the stimulus has ceased.
Afterimage
A specialized cell or a distal portion of a neuron that responds to a specific sensory modality, such as a touch, pressure, cold, light, or sound, and converts it to an electrical signal. A specific molecule or cluster of moelcules that recognizes and binds a particular ligand
Receptor/Sense Organ
A sensation experienced by someone who has had a limb amputated that the limb is still there.
Phantom Pain
Conduct impulses from receptors of the skin and from proprioceptors (receptors located in a join, muscle or tendon) to the spinal cord or brain stem
Sensory neuron, receptor to spinal cord or medulla
First-Order Neurons
The ability to recall thoughts; commonly classified as short-term and long-term
Memory
Oval-shaped pressure receptor located in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue and consisting of concentric layers of a connective tissue wrapped around the dendrites of a sensory neuron. Also called a pacinian corpuscle
Lamellated Corpuscles
Away from the surface of the body or an organ
Deep
A proprioceptive receptor, sensitive to changes in muscle tension and force of contraction, found chiefly near the junctions of tendons and muscles. Also called a golgi tendon organ
Tendon Organs
Brings information from the body’s periphery toward the brain. They function as cutaneous receptors that respond to temp, pain, itch, and hair follicle movement
Free Nerve Ending
A state of deep unconsciousness that lasts for a prolonged or indefinite period, caused especially by severe injury or illness
Coma
Dreamless sleep. The brain waves on the EEG recording are typically slow and of high voltage, the breathing and heart rate are slow and regular, the blood pressure is low, and the sleeper is relatively still. Divided into 4 stages of increasing depth leading to the other stage of sleep
Non REM Sleep
Receptor that detects light shinning on the retina of the eye
Photoreceptor
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
Sleep Apnea
A receptor located in muscles, tendons, joints, or the internal ear that provides information about body position and movements. Also called a visceroceptor
Proprioceptor
The ability to acquire new information or skills through instruction or experience
Learning
Pain felt in the deeper tissues, chronic and throbbing, a tooth ache or skin bruise
Slow (Chronic) Pain
The loss of the ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison, or injury.
Paralysis
Generally result from stimulation of tactile receptors in deeper tissues and are longer lasting and have less variation in intensity than touch sensations; pressure is a sustained sensation that is felt over a larger area than touch.
Pressure Sensations
An end organ of certain sensory neurons that branches out parallel tothe skin and responds to steady pressure.
Ruffini Corpuscle
A condition caused by brain damage around the time of birth and marked by lack of muscle control and paralysis especially in the limbs
Cerebral Palsy
Progressive degeneration of the basal nuclei and substantia nigra of the cerebrum resulting in decreased production of dopamine that leads to tremor, slowing of voluntary movements, and muscle weakness
Parkinson’s Disease
Sensations that arise in the skin including touch, pressure, vibration and tickling.
Tactile Sensations
Located on or near the surface of the body or an organ. Also called external
Superficial
Sensations that arise in the skin including touch, pressure, vibration and tickling.
Cutaneous Sensation
A proprioceptive receptor located in a joint, stimulated by joint movement
Joint Kinesthetic Receptors
Engram
A technique for treating certain painful condition and for producing regional anesthesia by passing long, thin needles through the skin to specific points.
Tremor
Pain that is felt at a site remote from the place of origin
Referred Pain
Saucer-shaped free nerve endings that make contact with tactile epithelial cells in the epidermis and function as touch receptors. Also called a Merkel disc
Tactile Discs
