Test 4 - Topic 21 Flashcards
_________ Reproduction - One parent produces clones
Asexual
_________ Reproduction - Two parents, variations with traits from both parents
Sexual
-Difficulties of reproducing sexually-
_________ - Gametes must be mature and available at the same time
Timing
-Difficulties of reproducing sexually-
–Fertilization
_________ Fertilization - Sperm and egg fused outside of body, many many gametes released at same time, most are not fertilized
External
-Difficulties of reproducing sexually-
–Fertilization
External Fertilization - Sperm and egg fused outside of _________, many many gametes released at same time, most are not _________
- body
- fertilized
-Difficulties of reproducing sexually-
–Fertilization
_________ Fertilization - Must be elaborate reproductive system for the delivery and reception of sperm and the development of offspring
Internal
-Difficulties of reproducing sexually-
–Fertilization
Internal Fertilization - Must be _________ reproductive system for the delivery and reception of _________ and the development of offspring
- elaborate
- sperm
-Difficulties of reproducing sexually-
Energy needs to be set aside for nourishing the _________ (__types of eggs)
- offspring
- 3
_________ - Offspring are born or hatched early before they are fully formed and live as larva
Eggs with little yolk
_________ - Have energy for offspring so offspring are hatched much more developed
Bird eggs
_________ - Mammals, eggs with no stored energy
Eggs with no yolk
-Stages of development-
Step 1)
Sperm and _________ are formed and _________ within the parents
- eggs
- mature
-Stages of development-
Step 2)
_________ begins - As the sperm starts to penetrate the egg and is completed when the _________ nucleus fuses with the _________ nucleus
- Fertilizations
- sperm
- egg
-Stages of development-
Step 3)
Next there are many repeated _________ divisions
mitotic
-Stages of development-
Step 4)
Eventually the _________ begins to increase in size and three (_________) germ layers form
i. Endoderm (within) - Middle, center of embryo, develops into digestive system
ii. Mesoderm - Between other two layers, develop into skeletal and muscle systems
iii. Ectoderm - Outside, becomes skin
- embryo
- embryonic layers
-Stages of development-
Step 4)
Eventually the embryo begins to increase in size and three (embryonic layers) germ layers form
i. _________ - Middle, center of embryo, develops into digestive system
ii. _________ - Between other two layers, develop into skeletal and muscle systems
iii. _________ - Outside, becomes skin
- Endoderm (within)
- Mesoderm
- Ectoderm
i. Endoderm - Middle, center of _________, develops into digestive system
ii. Mesoderm - Between other two layers, develop into _________ and muscle systems
iii. Ectoderm - Outside, becomes _________
- embryo
- skeletal
- skin
-Stages of development-
Step 5)
The _________ layers develop into - Tissue and into _________
- germ
- organs
-Stages of development-
Step 6)
Finally the _________ acquire - Their functions
-organs
-Stages of development-
Step __)
Sperm and eggs are formed and mature within the parents
1
-Stages of development-
Step __)
Fertilizations begins - As the sperm starts to penetrate the egg and is completed when the sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus
2
-Stages of development-
Step __)
Next there are many repeated mitotic divisions
3
-Stages of development-
Step __)
Eventually the embryo begins to increase in size and three (embryonic layers) germ layers form
4
-Stages of development-
Step __)
The germ layers develop into - Tissue and into organs
5
-Stages of development-
Step __)
Finally the organs acquire - Their functions
6
Fertilization to birth
- Fertilization
- Only one sperm will successfully enter the _________ of the egg cell (_________)
- cytoplasm
- first there
- Implantation-
1. In the first few days after - The _________ moves down into the uterus
2. By the time the zygote reaches the uterus it is a solid mass of cells - and is considered an _________
3. After the first week - Embryo becomes attached to _________ wall
- zygote
- embryo
- uterus
_________ -
- In the first few days after - The zygote moves down into the uterus
- By the time the zygote reaches the uterus it is a solid mass of cells - and is considered an embryo
- After the first week - Embryo becomes attached to uterus wall
Implantation
_________ - Organ of exchange between developing embryo and the mother made of fetal and material tissue
Placenta
Placenta - Organ of exchange between developing _________ and the mother made of fetal and material _________
- embryo
- tissue
Embryonic/fetal growth - (__ months each in humans)
3
-Embryonic/fetal growth-
_________-
i. First 1/3 of pregnancy
ii. Time of rapid growth
iii. By the time this trimester is over all of the major organs are formed including arms, legs, fingers, toes
First trimester
-Embryonic/fetal growth-
–First trimester
i. First ___ of pregnancy
ii. Time of rapid _________
iii. By the time this trimester is over all of the major _________ are formed including arms, legs, fingers, toes
- 1/3
- growth
- organs
-Embryonic/fetal growth-
_________-
i. Middle third of pregnancy
ii. Development slows but continues
iii. Organs begin to acquire their functions
Second trimester
-Embryonic/fetal growth-
–Second trimester
i. Middle third of _________
ii. _________ slows but continues
iii. Organs begin to _________ their functions
- pregnancy
- Development
- acquire
-Embryonic/fetal growth-
_________-
i. Last third of pregnancy
ii. Middle of this trimester is earliest birth can take place with survival on its own
Third trimester
-Embryonic/fetal growth-
–Third trimester
i. Last _________ of pregnancy
ii. Middle of this trimester is earliest birth can take place with _________ on its own
- third
- survival
- Stages of postnatal development-
1) _________ - First two weeks of life
New born
- Stages of postnatal development-
2) _________ - From two weeks old to two years old
Infant
- Stages of postnatal development-
3) _________ - From two years until beginning of puberty
Child
- Stages of postnatal development-
4) _________ - Individual actively going through puberty , acquiring sexual maturity
Pubescent
- Stages of postnatal development-
5) _________ - Time immediately after puberty where individual is figuring out what happened during puberty
Adolescent
- Stages of postnatal development-
6) _________
Adult
- Stages of postnatal development-
7) No longer _________, only aging
developing
- Aging Process-
1. Slowing of _________
2. Slowing or loss of organ function
3. Loss of _________ tone
4. Loss of hair, teeth, skin elasticity, memory
- metabolism
- muscle
- Aging Process-
1. Slowing of metabolism
2. Slowing or loss of _________ function
3. Loss of muscle tone
4. Loss of hair, _________, skin elasticity, _________
- organ
- teeth
- memory
The causes of aging are not known, influenced by..
- _________
- _________
- Environment
- Genetics
