Test 3 - Topic 16 Flashcards
_________ - The study of the relationships between organisms and between organisms and their environment
Ecology
Ecology - The study of the relationships between _________ and between organisms and their _________
- organisms
- environment
_________ interactions can happen at many different levels
Ecological
-Ecological interactions-
_________ - Interactions within the same species
Population
-Ecological interactions-
_________ - All the different populations living in a particular habitat
Community
-Ecological interactions-
_________ - The community interacting with the physical environment
Ecosystems
-Ecological interactions-
_________ - Entire part of earth that contains life
Biosphere
-Ecological interactions-
Population - Interactions within the same _________
species
-Ecological interactions-
Community - All the different _________ living in a particular _________
- populations
- habitat
-Ecological interactions-
Ecosystems - The community _________ with the _________ environment
- interacting
- physical
-Ecological interactions-
Biosphere - Entire part of _________ that contains _________
- earth
- life
_________ - The study of the factors that influence variations in the number and densities of populations over time and space
Population dynamics
Population dynamics - The study of the factors that influence _________ in the number and densities of _________ over time and space
- variations
- populations
_________ - The number of individuals per unit of area or volume
Population density
_________ - The general pattern in which the population members are dispersed
Distribution
- Population characteristics-
- -Distribution
_________ - Where the individuals are clustered together usually in response to environmental conditions or they are social animals
Clumped
- Population characteristics-
- -Distribution
_________ - Each individual is located independent of the others
Random
- Population characteristics-
- -Distribution
_________ - Individuals are evenly spaced usually as a result of competition or territories
Uniform
- Population characteristics-
- -Distribution
Clumped - Where the individuals are _________ together usually in response to _________ conditions or they are social animals
- clustered
- environmental
- Population characteristics-
- -Distribution
Random - Each _________ is located _________ of the others
- individual
- independent
- Population characteristics-
- -Distribution
Uniform - Individuals are _________ spaced usually as a result of _________ or territories
- evenly
- competition
-Age structure-
_________ - Individuals that are not mature enough to reproduce
Pre-reproductive
-Age structure-
Pre-reproductive - Individuals that are not _________ enough to _________
- mature
- reproduce
-Age structure-
_________ - Individuals that have the potential to be reproducing
Reproductive
-Age structure-
Reproductive - Individuals that have the _________ to be _________
- potential
- reproducing
-Age structure-
_________ - At an age that is beyond the capability to reproduce
Post-reproductive
-Age structure-
Post-reproductive - At an age that is _________ the capability to _________
- beyond
- reproduce
A. Pre-reproductive - Individuals that are not mature enough to reproduce
B. Reproductive - Individuals that have the potential to be reproducing
C. Post-reproductive - At an age that is beyond the capability to reproduce
-These three categories are better than _________ brackets because not all organisms age at the same _________
- age
- rate
- Pre-reproductive
- Reproductive
- Post-reproductive
_________ can go through these stages in a week or two, depending on the species of the fruit fly. A large _________ may take many years to go through these stage
- Fruit flies
- mammal
_________ is dependent on:
- Births
- Immigration
- Deaths
- Emigration
Population size
Population size is dependent on:
- Births
- _________
- Deaths
- _________
- Immigration
- Emigration
_________ - When all four add up to zero (number that enters the population equals the number that leaves)
Zero population growth
Zero population growth - When all four add up to zero (number that _________ the population _________ the number that leaves)
- enters
- equals
_________ - For every year that passes the population is doubling in size
Exponential Growth
_________ - The maximum rate of increase in a population under ideal non-limiting conditions
Biotic potential
Biotic potential - The maximum rate of _________ in a population under ideal non-limiting _________
- increase
- conditions
The biotic potential varies from:
species to species
The biotic potential varies from species to species depending on:
1) How _________ the individual is when it starts to _________
2) How often the individuals reproduce
3) How many offspring are born each time
4) How many of the offspring survive to reproduce
- old
- reproduce
The biotic potential varies from species to species depending on:
1) How old the individual is when it starts to reproduce
2) How _________ the individuals _________
3) How many offspring are born each time
4) How many of the offspring survive to reproduce
- often
- reproduce
The biotic potential varies from species to species depending on:
1) How old the individual is when it starts to reproduce
2) How often the individuals reproduce
3) How many _________ are _________ each time
4) How many of the offspring survive to reproduce
- offspring
- born
The biotic potential varies from species to species depending on:
1) How old the individual is when it starts to reproduce
2) How often the individuals reproduce
3) How many offspring are born each time
4) How many of the _________ survive to _________
- offspring
- reproduce
-Biotic potential-
The actual rate of increase of a population is _________ by environmental _________
- influenced
- circumstances
_________ -
- Environmental circumstances
- Limiting factors - anything that can be depleted (nutrients, space, water, nesting material)
Limits on a population
-Limits on a population-
- _________ circumstances
- Limiting factors - anything that can be _________ (nutrients, space, water, nesting material)
- Environmental
- depleted
_________ - Characterized by an S shaped curve
Logistic growth
-Logistic growth-
_________ - The stable period in logistic growth.
Carrying capacity
-Logistic growth-
_________ - The number of individuals that can be sustained by a particular habitat
Carrying capacity
-Logistic growth-
Period of _________ growth
exponential
-Logistic growth-
Carrying capacity can be _________ or raised depending on the _________
- lowered
- environment
-Logistic growth-
_________ :
- Density dependent controls
- Density independent controls
Checks on population growth
- Logistic growth-
- -Checks on population growth
Density _________ controls - Population limiting factors that exert their effects with respect to the number of individuals present (Main factors - Competition, predation, parasitism, and disease
dependent
- Logistic growth-
- -Checks on population growth
Density dependent controls - Population limiting _________ that exert their effects with respect to the number of _________ present
(Main factors - Competition, predation, parasitism, and disease)
- factors
- individuals
- Logistic growth-
- -Checks on population growth
Density _________ controls - Events such as weather, which tends to kill members of the population no matter how large it is (Floods, blizzards, droughts)
independent
- Logistic growth-
- -Checks on population growth
Density independent controls - Events such as_________ , which tends to kill members of the _________ no matter how large it is
(Floods, blizzards, droughts)
- weather
- population
-Life History Patterns-
_________ - Age specific patterns of life and death
Life tables
-Life History Patterns-
_________ : (reproductive patterns)
Survivorship curves
- Life History Patterns-
- -Types of survivorship curves
Type __ curve - (generally large mammals) - Parents take care of them
1
- Life History Patterns-
- -Types of survivorship curves
Type __ curve - 50/50 chance of surviving every day (song birds or rodents)
2
- Life History Patterns-
- -Types of survivorship curves
Type __ curve - Most die young, parents leave them after birth
3
__ billion people currently on earth
7.3
_________ has the most people on earth
China
_________ has second most people on earth, 1.1 billion
India
U.S. has third most people on earth at ___ million
310
Every year more than ___ million people are born, 10,000 per hour
90
How does the human population sidestep the natural population controls:
- Humans can expand into new _________ and _________
- Agricultural technology has increased the carrying capacity of the land (more corn, wheat, etc.)
- Medical practices which have improved sanitary condition
- habitats
- climates
How does the human population sidestep the natural population controls:
- Humans can expand into new habitats and climates
- Agricultural technology has _________ the carrying capacity of the _________ (more corn, wheat, etc.)
- Medical practices which have improved sanitary condition
- increased
- land
How does the human population sidestep the natural population controls:
- Humans can expand into new habitats and climates
- Agricultural technology has increased the carrying capacity of the land (more corn, wheat, etc.)
- _________ practices which have improved _________ condition
- Medical
- sanitary
- Human Population-
- -Present and future growth
It took many thousands of years for the human population to reach __ billion
1
- Human Population-
- -Present and future growth
It took only __ years to go from 4 billion to 5 billion
12
- Human Population-
- -Present and future growth
Even at the present rate of __% population growth, the human population is rapidly reaching a size that is not _________
- 1.7
- sustainable
- Human Population-
- -Present and future growth
At the 1st world conference in the early _________ ‘s the “experts” predicted that the earths carrying capacity for humans was _________ billion
- 1970
- 300
- Human Population-
- -Present and future growth
In _________ the 2nd world conference withdrew that prediction and refused to set a number for the carrying capacity (they don’t know)
1999
-Economics and human population growth-
_________ countries - (underdeveloped) Very harsh living conditions, birth rate and death rate are high
Pre-industrial
-Economics and human population growth-
_________ countries - Living conditions are improved, death rate is lower but birth rate is high
Transitional
-Economics and human population growth-
_________ countries - Living conditions are greatly improved, birth rate and death rate are low, but still increasing in size (U.S. Germany)
Industrial
-Economics and human population growth-
_________ countries - The best living conditions, have achieved zero population growth, (Sweden, Finland)
Postindustrial
When the economy is bad, people tend to have more _________ for some reason (sex is usually free)
When the economy is good, the population _________ or stabilizes
- babies
- declines
Family planning programs can achieve a faster _________ in birth rate than can _________ development
- decline
- economic
Even if the replacement level of fertility is achieved (about ___ children per woman), the human population will continue to grow for another ___ years
- 2
- 60
