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Biology 107 > Test 3 - Topic 16 > Flashcards

Test 3 - Topic 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

_________ - The study of the relationships between organisms and between organisms and their environment

A

Ecology

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2
Q

Ecology - The study of the relationships between _________ and between organisms and their _________

A
  • organisms

- environment

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3
Q

_________ interactions can happen at many different levels

A

Ecological

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4
Q

-Ecological interactions-

_________ - Interactions within the same species

A

Population

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5
Q

-Ecological interactions-

_________ - All the different populations living in a particular habitat

A

Community

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6
Q

-Ecological interactions-

_________ - The community interacting with the physical environment

A

Ecosystems

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7
Q

-Ecological interactions-

_________ - Entire part of earth that contains life

A

Biosphere

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8
Q

-Ecological interactions-

Population - Interactions within the same _________

A

species

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9
Q

-Ecological interactions-

Community - All the different _________ living in a particular _________

A
  • populations

- habitat

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10
Q

-Ecological interactions-

Ecosystems - The community _________ with the _________ environment

A
  • interacting

- physical

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11
Q

-Ecological interactions-

Biosphere - Entire part of _________ that contains _________

A
  • earth

- life

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12
Q

_________ - The study of the factors that influence variations in the number and densities of populations over time and space

A

Population dynamics

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13
Q

Population dynamics - The study of the factors that influence _________ in the number and densities of _________ over time and space

A
  • variations

- populations

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14
Q

_________ - The number of individuals per unit of area or volume

A

Population density

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15
Q

_________ - The general pattern in which the population members are dispersed

A

Distribution

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16
Q
  • Population characteristics-
  • -Distribution

_________ - Where the individuals are clustered together usually in response to environmental conditions or they are social animals

A

Clumped

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17
Q
  • Population characteristics-
  • -Distribution

_________ - Each individual is located independent of the others

A

Random

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18
Q
  • Population characteristics-
  • -Distribution

_________ - Individuals are evenly spaced usually as a result of competition or territories

A

Uniform

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19
Q
  • Population characteristics-
  • -Distribution

Clumped - Where the individuals are _________ together usually in response to _________ conditions or they are social animals

A
  • clustered

- environmental

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20
Q
  • Population characteristics-
  • -Distribution

Random - Each _________ is located _________ of the others

A
  • individual

- independent

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21
Q
  • Population characteristics-
  • -Distribution

Uniform - Individuals are _________ spaced usually as a result of _________ or territories

A
  • evenly

- competition

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22
Q

-Age structure-

_________ - Individuals that are not mature enough to reproduce

A

Pre-reproductive

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23
Q

-Age structure-

Pre-reproductive - Individuals that are not _________ enough to _________

A
  • mature

- reproduce

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24
Q

-Age structure-

_________ - Individuals that have the potential to be reproducing

A

Reproductive

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25
Q

-Age structure-

Reproductive - Individuals that have the _________ to be _________

A
  • potential

- reproducing

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26
Q

-Age structure-

_________ - At an age that is beyond the capability to reproduce

A

Post-reproductive

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27
Q

-Age structure-

Post-reproductive - At an age that is _________ the capability to _________

A
  • beyond

- reproduce

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28
Q

A. Pre-reproductive - Individuals that are not mature enough to reproduce
B. Reproductive - Individuals that have the potential to be reproducing
C. Post-reproductive - At an age that is beyond the capability to reproduce

-These three categories are better than _________ brackets because not all organisms age at the same _________

A
  • age

- rate

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29
Q
  • Pre-reproductive
  • Reproductive
  • Post-reproductive

_________ can go through these stages in a week or two, depending on the species of the fruit fly. A large _________ may take many years to go through these stage

A
  • Fruit flies

- mammal

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30
Q

_________ is dependent on:

  • Births
  • Immigration
  • Deaths
  • Emigration
A

Population size

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31
Q

Population size is dependent on:

  • Births
  • _________
  • Deaths
  • _________
A
  • Immigration

- Emigration

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32
Q

_________ - When all four add up to zero (number that enters the population equals the number that leaves)

A

Zero population growth

33
Q

Zero population growth - When all four add up to zero (number that _________ the population _________ the number that leaves)

A
  • enters

- equals

34
Q

_________ - For every year that passes the population is doubling in size

A

Exponential Growth

35
Q

_________ - The maximum rate of increase in a population under ideal non-limiting conditions

A

Biotic potential

36
Q

Biotic potential - The maximum rate of _________ in a population under ideal non-limiting _________

A
  • increase

- conditions

37
Q

The biotic potential varies from:

A

species to species

38
Q

The biotic potential varies from species to species depending on:

1) How _________ the individual is when it starts to _________
2) How often the individuals reproduce
3) How many offspring are born each time
4) How many of the offspring survive to reproduce

A
  • old

- reproduce

39
Q

The biotic potential varies from species to species depending on:

1) How old the individual is when it starts to reproduce
2) How _________ the individuals _________
3) How many offspring are born each time
4) How many of the offspring survive to reproduce

A
  • often

- reproduce

40
Q

The biotic potential varies from species to species depending on:

1) How old the individual is when it starts to reproduce
2) How often the individuals reproduce
3) How many _________ are _________ each time
4) How many of the offspring survive to reproduce

A
  • offspring

- born

41
Q

The biotic potential varies from species to species depending on:

1) How old the individual is when it starts to reproduce
2) How often the individuals reproduce
3) How many offspring are born each time
4) How many of the _________ survive to _________

A
  • offspring

- reproduce

42
Q

-Biotic potential-

The actual rate of increase of a population is _________ by environmental _________

A
  • influenced

- circumstances

43
Q

_________ -

  • Environmental circumstances
  • Limiting factors - anything that can be depleted (nutrients, space, water, nesting material)
A

Limits on a population

44
Q

-Limits on a population-

  • _________ circumstances
  • Limiting factors - anything that can be _________ (nutrients, space, water, nesting material)
A
  • Environmental

- depleted

45
Q

_________ - Characterized by an S shaped curve

A

Logistic growth

46
Q

-Logistic growth-

_________ - The stable period in logistic growth.

A

Carrying capacity

47
Q

-Logistic growth-

_________ - The number of individuals that can be sustained by a particular habitat

A

Carrying capacity

48
Q

-Logistic growth-

Period of _________ growth

A

exponential

49
Q

-Logistic growth-

Carrying capacity can be _________ or raised depending on the _________

A
  • lowered

- environment

50
Q

-Logistic growth-

_________ :

  • Density dependent controls
  • Density independent controls
A

Checks on population growth

51
Q
  • Logistic growth-
  • -Checks on population growth

Density _________ controls - Population limiting factors that exert their effects with respect to the number of individuals present (Main factors - Competition, predation, parasitism, and disease

A

dependent

52
Q
  • Logistic growth-
  • -Checks on population growth

Density dependent controls - Population limiting _________ that exert their effects with respect to the number of _________ present

(Main factors - Competition, predation, parasitism, and disease)

A
  • factors

- individuals

53
Q
  • Logistic growth-
  • -Checks on population growth

Density _________ controls - Events such as weather, which tends to kill members of the population no matter how large it is (Floods, blizzards, droughts)

A

independent

54
Q
  • Logistic growth-
  • -Checks on population growth

Density independent controls - Events such as_________ , which tends to kill members of the _________ no matter how large it is

(Floods, blizzards, droughts)

A
  • weather

- population

55
Q

-Life History Patterns-

_________ - Age specific patterns of life and death

A

Life tables

56
Q

-Life History Patterns-

_________ : (reproductive patterns)

A

Survivorship curves

57
Q
  • Life History Patterns-
  • -Types of survivorship curves

Type __ curve - (generally large mammals) - Parents take care of them

A

1

58
Q
  • Life History Patterns-
  • -Types of survivorship curves

Type __ curve - 50/50 chance of surviving every day (song birds or rodents)

A

2

59
Q
  • Life History Patterns-
  • -Types of survivorship curves

Type __ curve - Most die young, parents leave them after birth

A

3

60
Q

__ billion people currently on earth

A

7.3

61
Q

_________ has the most people on earth

A

China

62
Q

_________ has second most people on earth, 1.1 billion

A

India

63
Q

U.S. has third most people on earth at ___ million

A

310

64
Q

Every year more than ___ million people are born, 10,000 per hour

A

90

65
Q

How does the human population sidestep the natural population controls:

  • Humans can expand into new _________ and _________
  • Agricultural technology has increased the carrying capacity of the land (more corn, wheat, etc.)
  • Medical practices which have improved sanitary condition
A
  • habitats

- climates

66
Q

How does the human population sidestep the natural population controls:

  • Humans can expand into new habitats and climates
  • Agricultural technology has _________ the carrying capacity of the _________ (more corn, wheat, etc.)
  • Medical practices which have improved sanitary condition
A
  • increased

- land

67
Q

How does the human population sidestep the natural population controls:

  • Humans can expand into new habitats and climates
  • Agricultural technology has increased the carrying capacity of the land (more corn, wheat, etc.)
  • _________ practices which have improved _________ condition
A
  • Medical

- sanitary

68
Q
  • Human Population-
  • -Present and future growth

It took many thousands of years for the human population to reach __ billion

A

1

69
Q
  • Human Population-
  • -Present and future growth

It took only __ years to go from 4 billion to 5 billion

A

12

70
Q
  • Human Population-
  • -Present and future growth

Even at the present rate of __% population growth, the human population is rapidly reaching a size that is not _________

A
  • 1.7

- sustainable

71
Q
  • Human Population-
  • -Present and future growth

At the 1st world conference in the early _________ ‘s the “experts” predicted that the earths carrying capacity for humans was _________ billion

A
  • 1970

- 300

72
Q
  • Human Population-
  • -Present and future growth

In _________ the 2nd world conference withdrew that prediction and refused to set a number for the carrying capacity (they don’t know)

A

1999

73
Q

-Economics and human population growth-

_________ countries - (underdeveloped) Very harsh living conditions, birth rate and death rate are high

A

Pre-industrial

74
Q

-Economics and human population growth-

_________ countries - Living conditions are improved, death rate is lower but birth rate is high

A

Transitional

75
Q

-Economics and human population growth-

_________ countries - Living conditions are greatly improved, birth rate and death rate are low, but still increasing in size (U.S. Germany)

A

Industrial

76
Q

-Economics and human population growth-

_________ countries - The best living conditions, have achieved zero population growth, (Sweden, Finland)

A

Postindustrial

77
Q

When the economy is bad, people tend to have more _________ for some reason (sex is usually free)
When the economy is good, the population _________ or stabilizes

A
  • babies

- declines

78
Q

Family planning programs can achieve a faster _________ in birth rate than can _________ development

A
  • decline

- economic

79
Q

Even if the replacement level of fertility is achieved (about ___ children per woman), the human population will continue to grow for another ___ years

A
  • 2

- 60

Biology 107 (19 decks)

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