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Biology 107 > Test 2 - Chapters 8-9 > Flashcards

Test 2 - Chapters 8-9 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ Reproduction

Any type of reproduction that does not require the fusion of gametes

A

Asexual

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2
Q

(_________ = sex cells)

A

gametes

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3
Q

_________ Reproduction

Reproduction that requires the combination of genetic material from 2 individuals to create a third individual

A

Sexual

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4
Q
  • Life Cycle- -Sexual Reproduction
  • _________ of gametes (egg and sperm fusing together)
  • Cell division and growth
  • Production of gametes
  • Death
A

Fertilization

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5
Q
  • Life Cycle- -Sexual Reproduction
  • Fertilization of gametes (egg and sperm fusing together)
  • Cell division and _________
  • Production of gametes
  • Death
A

growth

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6
Q
  • Life Cycle- -Sexual Reproduction
  • Fertilization of gametes (egg and sperm fusing together)
  • Cell division and growth
  • Production of _________
  • Death
A

gametes

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7
Q
  • Life Cycle- -Sexual Reproduction
  • Fertilization of gametes (egg and sperm fusing together)
  • Cell division and growth
  • Production of gametes
  • _________
A

Death

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8
Q

All life depends on the capacity of cells to _________

A

divide

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9
Q

_________ begins with the division of a single cell

A

Reproduction

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10
Q

_________ - Body cells

A

Mitosis

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11
Q

_________ :

Cell division in which two genetically identical new cells are formed from one old cell

A

Mitosis - Body cells

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12
Q

Mitosis is used by _________ organisms to increase the number of cells

A

multicellular

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13
Q

_________ - Gametes

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

_________ :

Cell division that cuts the genetic material in half and produces gametes

A

Meiosis - Gametes

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15
Q

_________ are large molecules of DNA

A

Chromosomes

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16
Q

Each of our cells has ___ chromosomes

A

46

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17
Q

Prior to the division of the nucleus each chromosome is _________

A

duplicated

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18
Q

Each new chromosome is _________ to the old chromosome

A

attached

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19
Q

_________ :

When a chromosome is duplicated the two molecules of DNA are called _________

A
  • Sister Chromatid

- chromatids

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20
Q

The _________ is where the two chromatids are attached to one another

A

centromere

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21
Q

During _________

The chromosome number is maintained for the _________ at hand

A
  • mitosis

- species

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22
Q

_________:

Have two copies of each type of chromosome

A

Diploid Cells

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23
Q

_________ is not part of mitosis

A

interphase

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24
Q

_________

The time interval when the cell increases in size

A

Interphase

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25
Q

Three subdivisions of the _________

  • G1
  • S - Synthesis
  • G2
A

interphase

26
Q

_________ :

When the cell is going to divide

27
Q

-Four stages of mitosis-

_________ :

  • Beginning of mitosis
  • Chromosome are now visible, appear to be SCATTERED
  • Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
  • End of prophase the nucleus falls apart
28
Q

-Four stages of mitosis-

_________ :
The chromosomes are lined up

29
Q

-Four stages of mitosis-

_________ :
The chromosomes are separated
Shorten and pull the chromosomes apart

30
Q

-Four stages of mitosis-

_________ :

  • Two masses of chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell
  • Each of masses will become a new nucleus
31
Q

_________ - to split the cell

A

Cytokinesis

32
Q

_________ (undifferentiated cell)

33
Q

_________ :

  • Unchecked reproduction of cells by mitosis
  • All of the cells in cancer resemble immature or undifferentiated cells
34
Q

_________ :

A mass of undifferentiated cells not normally found where it’s at

35
Q

_________ :

A non-encapsulated growth of tumor cells that is harmful and may spread easily to other parts of the body

A

Malignant Tumor

36
Q

_________ :

An encapsulated growth of tumor cells that tends to reproduce slowly and only becomes harmful with size

A

Benign Tumor

37
Q

_________ :

Spreading of cancer

A

Metastasis

38
Q

_________ :

The use of chemicals to help treat a disease or symptoms

A

Chemotherapy

39
Q

Causes of _________

			- UV rays, the sun
			- Chemicals (Carcinogens)
			- Diet
			- Viruses 
			- Hormonal Imbalance
                            - Genetics
40
Q

Warning signs of _________

			- A change in bowel or bladder habits
			- A sore that wont heal
			- Unusual bleeding or discharge
			- A thickening or lump
			- Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
			- An obvious change in a wart or mole A nagging cough or hoarseness
41
Q

How cancer cells spread

Cancer cells break off from the original tumor and enter the _________

A

bloodstream

42
Q

Organisms that reproduce _________ rely on chromosome duplication and mitotic cell division

43
Q

One parent passes a duplicate of its genetic information to its offspring

-offspring are genetically identical to the parent - _________

44
Q

diploid number - ___

45
Q

In sexual reproduction, each parent contributes _________ gene for each trait

46
Q

Genes for each trait come in slightly different forms called _________

47
Q

_________ - Female sex cell

48
Q

_________ - Male sex cell

49
Q

_________ - General term applied to either sex cell

50
Q

_________ - The cellular process that is responsible generating gametes (meiosis)

A

Gametogenesis

51
Q

_________ - The fusing of the sperm and egg together

A

Fertilization

52
Q

_________ - The cell that results from fertilization

53
Q

Meiosis begins with _________ diploid (2n) germ cell and produces _________ haploid (n) gametes

A
  • ONE

- FOUR

54
Q

[_________ = half the number of chromosomes]

55
Q

Meiosis produces _________ that have half of each chromosome pairs

56
Q

_________ - An exchange of DNA between different chromosomes

A

Crossing Over

57
Q

_________ - Any change in the DNA. The ultimate source of new variations

58
Q

_________ - Variations are produced do to genetically different gametes fusing during fertilization

A

Fertilization

59
Q

-Males-

_________ - Meiosis that results in Sperm

A

Spermatogenesis

60
Q

-Males-

Spermatogenesis produces four _________ sperm cells from every diploid, germ cell

61
Q

-Females-

_________ - Meiosis that produces eggs

62
Q

-Females-

Oogenesis produces 1 haploid _________ and 3 haploid _________ bodies from every diploid germ cell
- The ovum will mature into the egg

A
  • ovum

- polar

Biology 107 (19 decks)

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