Test 2 - Chapters 10-12 Flashcards
_________ - Instructions for producing a trait (Found on DNA)
Gene
_________ - Location of a gene on a chromosome
Locus
_________ - The various molecular forms of a gene form the same trait
Allele
_________ - Two genes per trait
Diploid Cell
_________ - One gene per trait
Haploid Cell
_________ - Both alleles are the same
Homozygous
_________ - Both alleles are different
Heterozygous
_________ - The allele that covers up the expression of the other allele
Dominant Allele
_________ - The allele that is hidden by the other allele (by the dominant allele)
Recessive Allele
_________ - How the genes are expressed (what you see - dimple)
Phenotype
_________ - The sum of the genes (the way you write down the allele sybols - RR, Rr, rr)
Genotype
_________ - parent generation (first generation when we start our crosses)
P generation
_________ - first generation of offspring from the P generation (Kids of P generation)
F1 generation
_________ - second generation of offspring from the P generation (Grandkids of P generation)
F2 generation
Gregor _________ - Father of modern genetics
Mendel
Mendels Theory of _________
Segregation
_________ - states that diploid organisms inherit two genes per trait and during meiosis, gene pairs segregate so that each gamete will receive only one gene per trait
Theory of segregation
Theory of segregation - states that diploid organisms inherit _________ genes per trait and during meiosis, gene pairs segregate so that each _________ will receive only one gene per trait
- two
- gamete
_________ crosses have two parents that are true-breeding for contrasting forms of a trait i.e. AA and aa
Monohybrid
_________ - the dominant allele can not completely cover up the expression of the recessive allele (blending - white flower + red flower = pink flower)
Incomplete Dominance
_________ - Both alleles are expressed as dominant in heterozygous individuals
Co-Dominance
_________ - Whenever there are two forms of alleles per trait
Multiple alleles
_________ - occurs when a single gene affects unrelated aspects of the phenotype
Pleiotrophy
_________ Inheritance - There are a number of different pairs of alleles that combine to produce the trait
Polygenic
_________ Genes - Genes that are found on the sex chromosomes
Sex-linked
_________ Crosses (Double Factor Crosses)
Dihybrid
_________ - Instructions for producing traits
Gene
_________ - The gene form that can cover up the expression of the other gene form
Dominant
_________ - The gene form that is being hidden by the other gene form
Recessive Allele
_________ - The study of similarities and differences in genes between populations
Population Genetics
_________ - The way genes are expressed, what you can see
Phenotype
_________ - Varieties of a species that may have been produced through artificial selection by humans
Breeds
_________ evolve not individuals
Populations
Populations are members of the same _________
species
A population exhibits variations among the individuals but they hold certain morphological,_________, and behavioral traits in common
physiological
_________ - All the genes in the entire population
Gene Pool
Environment can affect _________ not genotype
phenotypes
_________ - A measure of the abundance of each kind of allele in a population
Allele frequencies
Evolution can be detected - By a change in allele _________ over time
frequency
Five conditions that are necessary in order for a population to be _________ (not evolving)
1) No mutations are occurring
2) The population is getting larger (things don’t change quickly)
3) The population is isolated from other populations of the same species
4) All members of the population survive long enough to mate & reproduce
5) There is no sexual selection (mating is random)
stable
_________ - is a change in allele frequency
Microevolution
Microevolution - is a change in allele frequency that is brought on by
i. Mutation ii. Genetic flow iii. Genetic drift iv. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ v. Non-random mating
Natural selection
_________ are heritable changes in DNA that can alter the way genes are expressed
Mutations
_________ are random
Mutations
Mutations can be neutral, _________, harmful, or lethal
beneficial
_________ mutation - Does not hurt or help you
Neutral
_________ mutation - Increase survival of individual
Beneficial
_________ mutation - Decrease survival of individual
Harmful
_________ mutation - Kills you
Lethal
_________ - The movement of genes
Genetic Flow (Gene Flow)
Genes move with _________
individuals
_________ - Leaving population
Emigration
_________ - Moving into population
Immigration
_________ may increase or decrease variations between populations
Genetic drift
_________ - A few members of a population leave the original population to start a new population
Founder effect
_________ - Some stressful event greatly reduces the size of a population leaving only a few members to start the population over
Bottleneck
_________ - Accounts for more changes in allele frequencies than any other micro-evolutionary process
Natural Selection
-Natural Selection-
Some individuals are more successful - thank others in surviving & reproducing because of their _________
genes
-Natural Selection-
The _________ of those individuals - That reproduce will _________ in frequencies in populations
- alleles
- increase
_________ :
Occurs when one member of a is not equally likely to mate with any other member
-Some females choose who to mate with & male competes to be chosen
Nonrandom Mating
_________ Selection is nonrandom mating
Sexual
_________ Selection - Selects for the average phenotype
Stabilizing
_________ Selection - Favors or selects for extreme phenotypes
Disruptive
_________ - The process of generating a new species
Speciation
_________ - Genes in a population became different over time
Genetic Divergence
- The movement of an entire species from one location to another. Moving then coming back
Migration
_________ - Local population
Deme
_________ - is the change in a population over generations of time.
Evolution
Individuals cannot evolve, only _________ evolve.
populations
_________ - Attempted to explain the natural world by making direct observations
Aristotle
_________ - The study of the past & present distribution of organisms on earth
Biogeography
_________ - evidence of pre-existing organisms that have gone extinct
fossil
_________ explanation-
Perhaps species originated in more than one place & speices became modified overtime
de Buffon’s
George Cuvier’s Theory of _________
Catastrophism
George Cuvier’s Theory of Catastrophism:
He believed in original creation of all _________
organism
Lamarck’s Theory of Inheritance of Acquired _________
Characteristics
Lamarck believed that simple forms had changed into more complex ones through a built in drive for _________ in order to move up the great chain of being.
perfection
Charles Darwin’s Theory of _________
Natural Selection
_________ - the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with certain inherited traits
Natural Selection