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Biology 107 > Test 2 - Chapters 10-12 > Flashcards

Test 2 - Chapters 10-12 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ - Instructions for producing a trait (Found on DNA)

A

Gene

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2
Q

_________ - Location of a gene on a chromosome

A

Locus

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3
Q

_________ - The various molecular forms of a gene form the same trait

A

Allele

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4
Q

_________ - Two genes per trait

A

Diploid Cell

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5
Q

_________ - One gene per trait

A

Haploid Cell

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6
Q

_________ - Both alleles are the same

A

Homozygous

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7
Q

_________ - Both alleles are different

A

Heterozygous

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8
Q

_________ - The allele that covers up the expression of the other allele

A

Dominant Allele

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9
Q

_________ - The allele that is hidden by the other allele (by the dominant allele)

A

Recessive Allele

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10
Q

_________ - How the genes are expressed (what you see - dimple)

A

Phenotype

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11
Q

_________ - The sum of the genes (the way you write down the allele sybols - RR, Rr, rr)

A

Genotype

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12
Q

_________ - parent generation (first generation when we start our crosses)

A

P generation

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13
Q

_________ - first generation of offspring from the P generation (Kids of P generation)

A

F1 generation

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14
Q

_________ - second generation of offspring from the P generation (Grandkids of P generation)

A

F2 generation

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15
Q

Gregor _________ - Father of modern genetics

A

Mendel

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16
Q

Mendels Theory of _________

A

Segregation

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17
Q

_________ - states that diploid organisms inherit two genes per trait and during meiosis, gene pairs segregate so that each gamete will receive only one gene per trait

A

Theory of segregation

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18
Q

Theory of segregation - states that diploid organisms inherit _________ genes per trait and during meiosis, gene pairs segregate so that each _________ will receive only one gene per trait

A
  • two

- gamete

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19
Q

_________ crosses have two parents that are true-breeding for contrasting forms of a trait i.e. AA and aa

A

Monohybrid

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20
Q

_________ - the dominant allele can not completely cover up the expression of the recessive allele (blending - white flower + red flower = pink flower)

A

Incomplete Dominance

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21
Q

_________ - Both alleles are expressed as dominant in heterozygous individuals

A

Co-Dominance

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22
Q

_________ - Whenever there are two forms of alleles per trait

A

Multiple alleles

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23
Q

_________ - occurs when a single gene affects unrelated aspects of the phenotype

A

Pleiotrophy

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24
Q

_________ Inheritance - There are a number of different pairs of alleles that combine to produce the trait

A

Polygenic

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25
Q

_________ Genes - Genes that are found on the sex chromosomes

A

Sex-linked

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26
Q

_________ Crosses (Double Factor Crosses)

A

Dihybrid

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27
Q

_________ - Instructions for producing traits

A

Gene

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28
Q

_________ - The gene form that can cover up the expression of the other gene form

A

Dominant

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29
Q

_________ - The gene form that is being hidden by the other gene form

A

Recessive Allele

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30
Q

_________ - The study of similarities and differences in genes between populations

A

Population Genetics

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31
Q

_________ - The way genes are expressed, what you can see

A

Phenotype

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32
Q

_________ - Varieties of a species that may have been produced through artificial selection by humans

A

Breeds

33
Q

_________ evolve not individuals

A

Populations

34
Q

Populations are members of the same _________

A

species

35
Q

A population exhibits variations among the individuals but they hold certain morphological,_________, and behavioral traits in common

A

physiological

36
Q

_________ - All the genes in the entire population

A

Gene Pool

37
Q

Environment can affect _________ not genotype

A

phenotypes

38
Q

_________ - A measure of the abundance of each kind of allele in a population

A

Allele frequencies

39
Q

Evolution can be detected - By a change in allele _________ over time

A

frequency

40
Q

Five conditions that are necessary in order for a population to be _________ (not evolving)

1) No mutations are occurring
2) The population is getting larger (things don’t change quickly)
3) The population is isolated from other populations of the same species
4) All members of the population survive long enough to mate & reproduce
5) There is no sexual selection (mating is random)

A

stable

41
Q

_________ - is a change in allele frequency

A

Microevolution

42
Q

Microevolution - is a change in allele frequency that is brought on by

		i. Mutation
		ii. Genetic flow
		iii. Genetic drift
		iv. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
                    v. Non-random mating
A

Natural selection

43
Q

_________ are heritable changes in DNA that can alter the way genes are expressed

A

Mutations

44
Q

_________ are random

A

Mutations

45
Q

Mutations can be neutral, _________, harmful, or lethal

A

beneficial

46
Q

_________ mutation - Does not hurt or help you

A

Neutral

47
Q

_________ mutation - Increase survival of individual

A

Beneficial

48
Q

_________ mutation - Decrease survival of individual

A

Harmful

49
Q

_________ mutation - Kills you

A

Lethal

50
Q

_________ - The movement of genes

A

Genetic Flow (Gene Flow)

51
Q

Genes move with _________

A

individuals

52
Q

_________ - Leaving population

A

Emigration

53
Q

_________ - Moving into population

A

Immigration

54
Q

_________ may increase or decrease variations between populations

A

Genetic drift

55
Q

_________ - A few members of a population leave the original population to start a new population

A

Founder effect

56
Q

_________ - Some stressful event greatly reduces the size of a population leaving only a few members to start the population over

A

Bottleneck

57
Q

_________ - Accounts for more changes in allele frequencies than any other micro-evolutionary process

A

Natural Selection

58
Q

-Natural Selection-

Some individuals are more successful - thank others in surviving & reproducing because of their _________

A

genes

59
Q

-Natural Selection-

The _________ of those individuals - That reproduce will _________ in frequencies in populations

A
  • alleles

- increase

60
Q

_________ :
Occurs when one member of a is not equally likely to mate with any other member
-Some females choose who to mate with & male competes to be chosen

A

Nonrandom Mating

61
Q

_________ Selection is nonrandom mating

A

Sexual

62
Q

_________ Selection - Selects for the average phenotype

A

Stabilizing

63
Q

_________ Selection - Favors or selects for extreme phenotypes

A

Disruptive

64
Q

_________ - The process of generating a new species

A

Speciation

65
Q

_________ - Genes in a population became different over time

A

Genetic Divergence

66
Q
  • The movement of an entire species from one location to another. Moving then coming back
A

Migration

67
Q

_________ - Local population

A

Deme

68
Q

_________ - is the change in a population over generations of time.

A

Evolution

69
Q

Individuals cannot evolve, only _________ evolve.

A

populations

70
Q

_________ - Attempted to explain the natural world by making direct observations

A

Aristotle

71
Q

_________ - The study of the past & present distribution of organisms on earth

A

Biogeography

72
Q

_________ - evidence of pre-existing organisms that have gone extinct

A

fossil

73
Q

_________ explanation-

Perhaps species originated in more than one place & speices became modified overtime

A

de Buffon’s

74
Q

George Cuvier’s Theory of _________

A

Catastrophism

75
Q

George Cuvier’s Theory of Catastrophism:

He believed in original creation of all _________

A

organism

76
Q

Lamarck’s Theory of Inheritance of Acquired _________

A

Characteristics

77
Q

Lamarck believed that simple forms had changed into more complex ones through a built in drive for _________ in order to move up the great chain of being.

A

perfection

78
Q

Charles Darwin’s Theory of _________

A

Natural Selection

79
Q

_________ - the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with certain inherited traits

A

Natural Selection

Biology 107 (19 decks)

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