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Biology 107 > Test 3 - Topic 13-14 > Flashcards

Test 3 - Topic 13-14 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ : group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other natural populations

A

species

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2
Q

_________ - A specific evolutionary pattern where there is a rapid increase in the number of closely related species

A

Adaptive Radiation

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3
Q

Adaptive Radiation - A specific evolutionary pattern where there is a rapid _________ in the number of closely related _________

A
  • increase

- species

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4
Q

_________ - An evolutionary pattern where very different organisms show similar characteristics

A

Convergent Evolution

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5
Q

Convergent Evolution - An evolutionary pattern where very different _________ show similar _________

A
  • organisms

- characteristics

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6
Q

_________ - An evolutionary pattern where individual events cause many branches in the evolution of a group of organisms

A

Divergent Evolution

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7
Q

Divergent Evolution - An evolutionary pattern where _________ events cause many branches in the evolution of a group of _________

A
  • individual

- organisms

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8
Q

_________ : is the process by which local units of a population become reproductively isolated from other units and thus experience changes in gene frequencies

A

Genetic divergence

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9
Q

Genetic divergence is the process by which local units of a _________ become reproductively isolated from other units and thus experience changes in _________ frequencies

A
  • population

- gene

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10
Q

_________ - reinforce genetic divergence by stopping gene flow (cant move from flint to lansing - something is blocking them)

A

Isolating mechanisms

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11
Q

Isolating mechanisms - reinforce _________ divergence by _________ gene flow (cant move from flint to lansing - something is blocking them)

A
  • genetic

- stopping

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12
Q

_________ Isolation - Isolation mechanisms that take place before the zygote is formed

A

Pre-zygotic

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13
Q

_________ Isolation - They have different times of reproduction

A

Temporal

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14
Q

_________ Isolation - Refers to the different patterns of courtship

A

Behavioral

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15
Q

_________ Isolation - Reproductive organs prevent successful breeding (chiwawa and great dane)

A

Mechanical

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16
Q

_________ Isolation - Egg and sperm can not fuse together

A

Gametic

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17
Q

_________ Isolation - A physical barrier prevents mating

A

Geographical

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18
Q

_________ Isolation - Takes place after the zygote is formed

A

Postzygotic

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19
Q

A _________ is produced -

  • One hybrid is weak sickly, and dies shortly after birth
  • One hybrid is strong and healthy but sterile
A

hybrid

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20
Q

A hybrid is produced -

  • One hybrid is _________ sickly, and dies shortly after birth
  • One hybrid is _________ and healthy but sterile
A
  • weak

- strong

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21
Q

_________ Speciation - Takes place in the absence of gene flow
(the isolating mechanism is Geographical)
(Allopatric = Different homeland) (physical barrier)

A

Allopatric

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22
Q

Allopatric Speciation - Takes place in the absence of gene flow
(the isolating mechanism is _________ )
(Allopatric = Different _________ ) (physical barrier)

A
  • Geographical

- homeland

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23
Q

_________ Speciation - New species arise, sometimes rapidly from a small proportion of individuals within the existing population (Sympatric = Same homeland)

A

Sympatric

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24
Q

Sympatric Speciation - New species arise, sometimes rapidly from a small proportion of _________ within the existing population (Sympatric = Same _________ )

A
  • individuals

- homeland

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25
Q

_________ - Have more than two chromosomes per trait -
(Is considered isolation and instant speciation)
[This instant speciation can only happen in plants]

A

Polyploidy

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26
Q

Polyploidy - Have more than two chromosomes per trait -
(Is considered _________ and instant speciation)
[This instant speciation can only happen in _________ ]

A
  • isolation

- plants

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27
Q

_________ Speciation - New species form from a small proportion of individuals along a common border between two populations

(Usually competing for food) - (Parapatric = Near another homeland)
-Gene flow may not be stopped

A

Parapatric

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28
Q

Parapatric Speciation - New species form from a small proportion of individuals along a common border between two _________

(Usually competing for food) - (Parapatric = _________ another homeland)
-Gene flow may not be stopped

A
  • populations

- Near

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29
Q

-Patterns of Speciation-

_________ - (Branched Speciation)

A

Cladogenesis

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30
Q

-Patterns of Speciation-

Cladogenesis (Branched _________ )

A

Speciation

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31
Q

-Patterns of Speciation-

_________ - (Unbranched Speciation)

A

Anagenesis

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32
Q

-Patterns of Speciation-

Anagenesis (Unbranched _________ )

A

Speciation

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33
Q

-Rate of Speciation-

_________ - (Darwin) - Changes take place very slowly over generations of time

A

Gradualism

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34
Q

-Rate of Speciation-

_________ - (Gould) - There are periods of rapid speciation where many species evolve followed by time periods with little speciation

A

Punctuated Equilibrium

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35
Q

-Rate of Speciation-

Punctuated Equilibrium - (Gould) - There are periods of rapid _________ where many species evolve followed by _________ periods with little speciation

A
  • speciation

- time

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36
Q

-Rate of Speciation-

_________ - When an entire species dies off

A

Extinction

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37
Q

-Rate of Speciation-

_________ Extinction - Rather inevitable loss of species as local conditions change over time

A

Background

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38
Q

-Rate of Speciation-

_________ Extinction - An abrupt disappearance of many species due to catastrophic global events

A

Mass

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39
Q

_________ - The study of relationships between organisms and their environment

A

Ecology

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40
Q

_________ - Anything that affects and organism during its lifetime

A

Environment

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41
Q

_________ - A complex of organisms interacting with one another and with their physical environment

A

Ecosystem

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42
Q

_________ are open systems - Through which energy flows and Materials are cycled

A

Ecosystems

43
Q

_________ require - Energy and nutrient input and generate energy and nutrient output

A

Ecosystems

44
Q

_________ cannot be recycled - Most of it is lost as _________ to the environment

A
  • Energy

- heat

45
Q

_________ on the earth function as systems running on energy from the _________ processed though various organisms

A
  • Regions

- sun

46
Q

_________ - The living organisms

47
Q

_________ - The physical environment

48
Q

-Participants in the ecosystem-

_________ - Autotrophs that can use sunlight energy to make organic compound

49
Q

-Participants in the ecosystem-

_________ - Heterotrophs that feed on the tissues of other organisms

50
Q

-Participants in the ecosystem-

_________ - Consume plants

A

Herbivores

51
Q

-Participants in the ecosystem-

_________ - Consume animals

A

Carnivores

52
Q

-Participants in the ecosystem-

_________ - Consume living host

53
Q

-Participants in the ecosystem-

_________ - Consume both plants and animals

54
Q

-Participants in the ecosystem-

_________ - Heterotrophs that get energy from the remains or waste products of other organisms

A

Decomposers

55
Q

_________ - (Feeding level)

A

Trophic Levels

56
Q

_________ levels are a hierarchy of energy transfers, bluntly stated, “Who eats whom”

57
Q

Trophic levels are a hierarchy of energy transfers, bluntly stated, “_________”

A

Who eats whom

58
Q

_________ trophic level - Grass

59
Q

_________ trophic level - Primary consumer (herbivores)

60
Q

_________ trophic level - Secondary consumer (carnivores)

61
Q

_________ trophic level - Tertiary consumer - [Top Predator] (Consume everything below it)

62
Q

Traditionally every habitat had its top predator (usually only one)

1) Michigan - _________
2) African savanna - Lions
3) South-east Asia - _________
4) Northern Canada - Polar bear

A
  • Wolves

- Tigers

63
Q

_________ - Feed off all trophic levels

A

Decomposers

64
Q

A sequence of who eats whom is called a _________

A

food chain

65
Q

Cross-connecting food chains make up _________

66
Q

_________ - Total rate of photosynthesis for an ecosystem during a specific time period

A

Gross primary productivity

67
Q

_________ - Rate of energy storage in plant tissue in excess of what the plant uses for maintenance growth and reproduction

A

Net primary productivity

68
Q

Net primary productivity - Rate of energy storage in plant _________ in excess of what the plant uses for maintenance growth and _________

A
  • tissue

- reproduction

69
Q

The net primary productivity is what is available for _________ consumption

A

heterotrophic

70
Q

Energy flows into the _________

71
Q

Energy flows from the _______ –> Plants –> Herbivores –> Carnivore –>

72
Q

Energy leaves the _________ through heat losses generated by _________

A
  • ecosystem

- metabolism

73
Q

Trophic structure can be diagrammed as a _________ in which producers form a base for successive tiers of _________ above them

A
  • pyramid

- consumers

74
Q

Pyramids can be of two types

  • _________ pyramid
  • _________ pyramid
A
  • Biomass

- Energy

75
Q

Only about __% of the energy entering each trophic level becomes available to organisms at the next _________ level

A
  • 10

- trophic

76
Q
  • 100% of the energy enters the _________
  • 10% of the 100% is available for the _________ (90% is lost as heat)
  • 1% of the original 100% is available for the Primary Carnivores (99% is lost as heat)
  • 0.1% of the original 100% is available for the Top Predators
A
  • Producers

- Herbivores

77
Q
  • 100% of the energy enters the Producers
  • 10% of the 100% is available for the Herbivores (90% is lost as heat)
  • 1% of the original 100% is available for the Primary _________ (99% is lost as heat)
  • 0.1% of the original 100% is available for the _________ Predators
A
  • Carnivores

- Top

78
Q

Because of the energy loss that is noted as you move up the energy pyramid, “__________________ “, Paul Colinvaux.

A

Why Big Fierce Animals are Rare

79
Q

_________ - Ecosystems named for their dominant vegetation and climate

80
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

_________ - Ice, Freezing, no vegetation

A

Polar ice cap

81
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

_________ - Short growing season long winter, No trees, all waste high vegetation, very cold

82
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

_________ - Dominated by pine trees, cold

A

Boreal Forest (taiga)

83
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

_________ - Broad leaf trees, Mild summer - mild winter

A

Temperate Forest

84
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

_________ - Prairie, dominated by grasses, Very fertile lands (Bison/antelope eats the trees) (Trees burned out

A

Temperate Grass Lands

85
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

_________ - Succulents (plants that store water) - Very Dry climate

86
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

_________ - Lush thick vegetation - Humid, Hot

A

Tropical Rain Forest

87
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

_________ - Grasslands with a scattering of trees - Has wet and dry season

A

Tropical Savanna

88
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

_________ - Thorny plants - Dry season and short wet season

A

Tropical Dry Forest

89
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

_________ - Multiple Biomes on the slopes (with elevation)

90
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

_________ - Has a wet season and very long dry season. Prone to fires - (All around the Mediterranean sea, southern California)

A

Mediterranean Shrub and Woodland

91
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

_________ - Dominated by conifers

A

Temperate Rain Forest

92
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

Polar ice cap - Ice, _________ , no _________

A
  • Freezing

- vegetation

93
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

Tundra - Short _________ season, long winter, No _________ , all waste high vegetation, very cold

A
  • growing

- trees

94
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

Boreal Forest (taiga) - Dominated by _________ trees, _________

A
  • pine

- cold

95
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

Temperate Forest - Broad _________ trees, _________ summer - _________ winter

A
  • leaf
  • Mild
  • Mild
96
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

Temperate Grass Lands - Prairie, dominated by _________ , Very _________ lands (Bison/antelope eats the trees) (Trees burned out)

A
  • grasses

- fertile

97
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

Deserts - _________ (plants that store water) - Very _________ climate

A
  • Succulents

- Dry

98
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

Tropical Rain Forest - Lush thick _________ - Humid, _________

A
  • vegetation

- Hot

99
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

Tropical Savanna - Grasslands with a scattering of _________ - Has _________ and _________ season

A
  • trees
  • wet
  • dry
100
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

Tropical Dry Forest - Thorny _________ - Dry season and short _________ season

A
  • plants

- wet

101
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

Mountains - Multiple Biomes on the _________ (with elevation)

102
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

Mediterranean Shrub and Woodland - Has a _________ season and very long dry season. Prone to _________ - (All around the Mediterranean sea, southern California)

A
  • wet

- fires

103
Q

-Major biomes of the world-

Temperate Rain Forest - Dominated by _________

Biology 107 (19 decks)

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