Test 3 - Topic 17 Flashcards
_________ - The study of the nature of behaviors and its ecological and evolutionary significance in natural settings
Ethology
Ethology - The study of the nature of behaviors and its _________ and evolutionary significance in _________ settings
- ecological
- natural
_________ - Giving human feelings, meanings, and emotions to the behaviors of non-human animals
Anthropomorphism
Anthropomorphism - Giving human feelings, _________, and emotions to the behaviors of _________ animals
- meanings
- non-human
_________ - How an organism acts
Behavior
_________ Behavior - (inherited, can not be learned)
Heritable
_________ behavior - Involves the coordinated response to external and internal stimuli using interactions among the nervous endocrine (hormone) and skeletal muscular systems.
Genetic based
Genetic based behavior - Involves the coordinated response to external and internal _________ using interactions among the nervous _________ (hormone) and skeletal muscular systems.
- stimuli
- endocrine
Genetic based behavior -
-Your _________ contribute to the behaviors by _________ how these systems work
- genes
- influencing
_________ Behavior - Where components of the nervous system allow an animal to accomplish complex stereo-typed responses to certain environmental cue
Instinctive
Instinctive Behavior - Where components of the nervous system allow an _________ to accomplish complex stereo-typed responses to certain environmental _________
- animal
- cues
_________ Behavior incorporates information that has been gained from specific experiences (_________ by doing, watching, or listening)
- Learned
- learned
-Categories of learned behavior-
_________ - i.e. Pavlov’s Dog - Where an animal learns to associate a stimulus with food and later salivates at the sound without the food being present
Classical Conditioning
-Categories of learned behavior-
Classical Conditioning - i.e. Pavlov’s Dog - Where an animal learns to associate a _________ with food and later salivates at the sound _________ the food being present
- stimulus
- without
-Categories of learned behavior-
_________ - i.e. Invisible Fence - Where an animal learns to associate a voluntary activity with a consequence
Operant Conditioning
-Categories of learned behavior-
Operant Conditioning - i.e. Invisible Fence - Where an animal learns to _________ a voluntary activity with a _________
- associate
- consequence
-Categories of learned behavior-
_________ - i.e. when an organism learns migration routes - Where an animal learns a mental map of region
Spatial or Latent Learning
-Categories of learned behavior-
Spatial or Latent Learning - i.e. when an organism learns _________ routes - Where an animal learns a mental _________ of region
- migration
- map
-Categories of learned behavior-
_________ - Where an animal learns how to solve a problem without any trial and error attempts at a solution
Insight Learning
-Categories of learned behavior-
Insight Learning - Where an animal learns how to solve a problem _________ any trial and error attempts at a _________
- without
- solution
_________ - Some behaviors promote survival while other behaviors don’t
Natural selection
_________ - Some behaviors promote reproductive success while other don’t
Reproductive success
_________ - Behaviors that allow an individual to adapt will promote survival
Adaptive Behavior
_________ - Cooperative interdependent relationships among individuals of the same species
Social Behavior
_________ - When an individual increases it’s chance of reproducing at the cost of others
Selfish Behavior
_________ - Self sacrificing behaviors that help others reproduce
Altruistic Behavior
-Communication Signals-
_________ - Hearing sounds (Vocally, slapping water, stomping ground)
Acoustical signals
-Communication Signals-
_________ - Chemicals released into the environment to signal members of the same species (dog peeing)
Pheromones
-Communication Signals-
_________ - Sight (Colored feathers, dances, show teeth, Fireflies light up)
Visual signals
-Communication Signals-
_________ - Touch (bees waggle dance)
Tactile signals
-Mating Behavior-
_________ - The competition for access to a mate and also the choosiness in selecting a mate
Sexual Selection
-Mating Behavior-
Reproductive success for _________ - Depends on how many eggs he can fertilize
a male
-Mating Behavior-
Reproductive success for _________ - Depends on the quality of the mate not the quantity
females
Reproductive success for females - Depends on the _________ of the mate not the _________
- quality
- quantity
Reproductive success for a male - Depends on how many _________ he can fertilize
eggs
-Costs and Benefits of Parenting-
- Parental care requires _________ and _________ (Cost)
- The benefits of parenting is an increase of offspring survival
- .The benefits out way the cost
- time
- energy
-Costs and Benefits of Parenting-
- Parental care requires time and energy (Cost)
- The benefits of _________ is an increase of _________ survival
- .The benefits out way the cost
- parenting
- offspring
-Costs and Benefits of Parenting-
- Parental care requires time and energy (Cost)
- The benefits of parenting is an increase of offspring survival
- .The benefits out way the _________
cost
- Cost and benefits of Belonging to a Social Group-
- -Disadvantage of a society
- Resource _________
- It’s easier to spread contagious diseases
- Increase in cannibalism
competition
- Cost and benefits of Belonging to a Social Group-
- -Disadvantage of a society
- Resource competition
- It’s easier to spread _________ diseases
- Increase in cannibalism
contagious
- Cost and benefits of Belonging to a Social Group-
- -Disadvantage of a society
- Resource competition
- It’s easier to spread contagious diseases
- Increase in _________
cannibalism
- Cost and benefits of Belonging to a Social Group-
- -Advantages of a Society
- _________
- More eyes to see the predator
- Many social prey animals engage in counter attacks against the predator
- Better odds of not being eaten due to a greater number of animals
Cooperative Predator Avoidance
- Cost and benefits of Belonging to a Social Group-
- -Advantages of a Society
Cooperative Predator Avoidance
- More eyes to see the _________
- Many social prey animals engage in _________ attacks against the predator
- Better odds of not being eaten due to a greater number of _________
- predator
- counter
- animals
- Cost and benefits of Belonging to a Social Group-
- -Advantages of a Society
_________ -
This is where some individuals of a herd use the other members of the herd to shield themselves from a predator
Selfish Herd
- Cost and benefits of Belonging to a Social Group-
- -Advantages of a Society
Selfish Herd -
This is where some individuals of a herd use the other _________ of the herd to shield themselves from a _________
- members
- predator
- Cost and benefits of Belonging to a Social Group-
- -Advantages of a Society
_________ -
A large, dominant gazelle stays in the middle of his territory. With him will be his harem that he protects and mates with.
Selfish Herd
_________ -
Where individuals adapt a subordinate status in order to increase the survival of others
Dominance Hierarchies
_________ (pecking order)
Dominance Hierarchies
Dominance Hierarchies (pecking order) - Where individuals adapt a _________ status in order to increase the _________ of others
- subordinate
- survival
_________ - An area occupied by an individual or group of individuals where they exclude others of the same species
Territory
Territory - An area occupied by an individual or group of individuals where they _________ others of the same _________
- exclude
- species
Animals defend _________ - To protect resources, offspring, and mates
territories
Animals defend territories - To protect resources, _________, and mates
offspring
Do animals have conscience thought?
Right now the evidence points to _________. Some evidence points to possibility in _________ and chimpanzees
- NO
- dolphins
_____ _____ is the movement of genes from one generation to the next as a result of reproduction or from one region to another by migration.
Gene flow
- A(n) _____ is any remains of an organism of a past geologic age, such as a preserved skeleton or body imprint.
fossil
- Which of the following steps are not necessary for speciation to occur?
a. geographic isolation b. genetic divergence
c. reproductive isolation d. hybrid viability
d
- The _____ of an organism is the geographic area over which a species can be found.
a. range
b. region
c. pasture
d. geographic location
a
- If individuals from separate populations overcome the geographic barrier, they may not have accumulated enough _____ to prevent reproductive success.
a. mutations
b. genetic differences c. barriers
d. sexual differences
b
- is a condition of having multiple sets of chromosomes, rather than the normal haploid or diploid number.
Polyploidy
- Differences in the time of the year at which reproduction takes place are called
a. geographic isolating mechanisms. b. hybrid isolating mechanisms.
c. seasonal isolating mechanisms.
d. physical isolating mechanisms.
c
- A _____ is a group of organisms that shares a common ancestor with other species, but is set off from those others by having newer, genetically unique traits.
Species
9. The term \_\_\_\_\_ is now used to refer to humans and their humanlike ancestors. a. hominid b. anthropoid c. hominoid d. hominin
d
- The scientific name for modern human beings is
a. Homo habilis.
b. Homo neanderthalensis. c. H. erectus.
d. Homo sapiens.
d
- Fossil of which small human found in Indonesia are speculated to be a new species of Homo?
a. the “hobbit”
b. Ida
c. Australopithecus sp. d. Paranthropus sp.
a
- Genetic _____ is a change in the allele frequencies of the isolated subpopulation compared to the rest of the species.
divergence
- The   concept is a companion hypothesis to gradualism and suggests a different way of achieving evolutionary change.
punctuated equilibrium
- Which factor will not increase the likelihood that an organism is found in the fossil record?
a. The soft body parts decompose.
b. Marine organisms can be covered by sediment on the bottom
c. Fossils of more recent organisms are less likely to have been destroyed by geological forces.
d. Fossils of large organisms are easier to find.
a
- ________ structures are similar structures in different species that have been derived from a common ancestor.
Homologous
- Which one of the following is an abiotic factor?
a. a nest in a tree
b. the water in a pond
c. the producers in an ecosystem
d. the fish in a pond
b
- Which one of the following categories of organisms has the largest total energy and biomass?
a. eagles, which eat fish
b. herbivores, which eat plants
c. organisms that carry on photosynthesis
d. fish that eat insects
c
- The carbon that plants need for photosynthesis comes from _____.
carbon dioxide
- Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria
a. live in association with the roots of certain plants.
b. convert ammonia to nitrate.
c. are found in the atmosphere.
d. are rare.
a
- The process of absorbing water from the soil and releasing it from leaves is called _____
transpiration
- In the phosphorus cycle, phosphorus enters plants through the roots. (T/F
T
- When energy flows from one trophic level to the next, about _____ percent of the energy is lost.
90%
- An herbivore is at the second trophic level. (T/F)
T
- Nitrogen is important in which one of the following organic molecules?
a. sugars c. water
b. fats d. proteins
d
- Decomposers break down organic matter and release _____ and _____.
carbon dioxide and water.
- Which one of the following is a producer?
a. earthworm
b. algae
c. yeast
d. fungus
herbivore
- Which of the following populations in an ecosystem would have the highest biomass?
a. insect-eating birds
b. fish-eating birds
c. fungi
d. plants
d
- A vegetarian is at the _____ trophic level.
herbivore
- Which of the following is the largest conceptual unit?
a. ecosystem
b. community
c. decomposers
d. producers
a
- Humans have altered most ecosystems of the world. (T/F)
T
- The role an organism plays
a. niche.
b. habitat.
c. community.
d. food web.
a
- The kind of interrelationship between two organisms in which both are harmed is _____.
competition
- A desert is always characterized by
a. high temperature.
b. low amounts of precipitation.
c. few kinds of plants and animals.
d. sand
b
- When a community is naturally changing with the addition of new species of organisms and the loss of others, _____ is occurring
succession
- When two organisms cooperate and both derive benefit from the relationship, it is known as commensalism. (T/F)
F
- Most of the plants and animals involved in agriculture are introduced from other parts of the world. (T/F)
T
- A biome that has trees adapted to long winters is known as a
a. tundra.
b. temperate deciduous forest. c. boreal coniferous forest.
d. temperate rainforest.
c
- If a forest is destroyed by a fire, it will eventually return to being a forest. This process is known as _____ succession
secondary
- A collection of organisms that interact with one another in an area is known as a
a. community.
b. biome.
c. succession.
d. biomagnification.
a
- The idea that no two organisms can occupy the same niche is known as the competitive exclusion principle. (T/F)
T
- The tundra biome has permafrost. (T/F)
T
- Plankton organisms are strong swimmers. (T/F)
F
- Which of the following organisms are common in freshwater ecosystems and rare in marine ecosystems?
a. algae
b. fish
c. zooplankton
d. insects
d
- Which of the following have resulted in reductions in species native to an ecosystem?
a. introduced species b. habitat destruction c. pesticide use
d. all of the above
d
- In marine ecosystems, pelagic organisms are located on the bottom. (T/F)
F
- The number of reproducing adults in a population compared with the number of juveniles is the
a. population density.
b. age distribution.
c. population distribution.
d. gene frequency.
b
- The period of time when a population is growing rapidly is known as the _____
exponential growth phase
- Populations grow
a. because most species have a high reproductive capacity.
b. when birthrates are greater than death rates.
c. when there are high numbers of reproductive and juvenile individuals in the population.
d. All of the above are correct
d
- The maximum size of a population is set by limiting factors of the environment. (T/F)
T
- A limiting factor that becomes more intense as the size of a population increases is known as a density- independent limiting factor. (T/F)
F
- The carrying capacity
a. for the human population has been reached.
b. is determined by the limiting factors of the environment.
c. is the same for all organisms.
d. None of the above is correct
b
- When the size of a population is caused to stop growing because of competition among its members, there are _____ in action.
a. extrinsic limiting factors
b. density-independent limiting factors
c. intrinsic limiting factors
d. population distribution factors
c
- The populations of all species eventually reach a stable equilibrium phase. (T/F)
F
- Which one of the following populations would grow most rapidly?
a. a population of mice in which there were twice as many males as females
b. a population of mice that had reached its carrying capacity
c. a population of mice in which density-dependent limiting factors were acting strongly
d. a population that was in the lag phase
d
- The human population has been increasing rapidly for the past 200 years because
a. humans have displaced other organisms.
b. humans have controlled many disease organisms.
c. humans have developed improvements in agriculture.
d. All of the above are correct
d
- Gene flow occurs when individuals _____ to new places.
travel/migrate/move
- Pollution can be considered to be a waste product. (T/F)
T
- Which of the following is an extrinsic limiting factor?
a. the number of siblings in a bird nest
b. competition among individuals for food c. rainstorms that kill many plant seedlings d. None of the above is correct.
c
- A K-strategist
a. lives a short time.
b. gives care to its young.
c. is always a tiny organism.
d. None of the above is correct
b
- The lag phase of a population growth curve results in a. a reduction in the size of the population.
b. little increase in the size of the population.
c. a rapidly growing population.
d. None of the above is correct.
b
- Instinctive behavior differs from learned behavior in that instinctive behavior
a. is inherited.
b. is flexible.
c. is found only in simple animals.
d. is less valuable than learned behavior.
a
- The thought that your dog is happy to see you is an example of _____.
anthropomorphism
- Imprinting is different from other kinds of learning in that imprinting
a. is of little value to an organism.
b. is not reversible.
c. can be changed easily.
d. can occur at any time during the life of an individual
b
- Learning is a change in behavior as a result of expe- rience. (T/F)
T
- All of the following are typical of territorial behavior EXCEPT
a. territorial behavior reserves resources for particular individuals or groups.
b. territorial behavior involves the use of signals to denote territorial boundaries.
c. territorial behavior is found only in higher animals, such as birds and mammals.
d. territorial behavior reduces conflict after territories are established.
c
- Social behavior typically involves individuals assuming specialized roles. (T/F)
T
- Most methods of communication used by animals are learned. (T/F)
F
- A social system in which each animal has a particular ranking in the group is a(n) _____
dominance hierarchy
- Most kinds of animals provide no care for their offspring. (T/F)
T
- Which of the following provide navigational clues to migrating animals?
a. landmarks, such as rivers and shorelines
b. the magnetic fields of the Earth
c. the stars
d. All of the above are correct.
d
- Instinctive behaviors are simple. (T/F)
F
- Humans do not learn through association. (T/F)
F
- The concept of sociobiology
a. supposes that social behavior has common charac- teristics in all animals, including humans.
b. does not apply to humans.
c. is applied only to birds and mammals.
d. None of the above is correct.
c
- If an organism has instinctive behavior, it probably also has the ability to learn. (T/F)
T
- Exploratory learning
a. provides information that an animal can use later in life. b. is evidence of imprinting.
c. is instinctive.
d. None of the above is correct.
a
