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Fundamentals 1 > Test #4 study guide > Flashcards

Test #4 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Elements of the pain experience:

A
  • Transduction
  • Transmission
  • Perception of pain
  • Modulation
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2
Q

Acute vs. chronic pain – symptoms :

A

Acute- rapid onset, no warning.

Chronic- (3 months) , gradual and ongoing.

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3
Q

Types of pain:

A
  • somatic
  • visceral
  • nociceptive
  • neuropathic: Pain from a lesion or disease of the central or peripheral nerves
  • cutaneous
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4
Q

Factors that may affect a person’s pain experience:

A
  • pain threshold
  • adaptation
  • modulation of pain
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5
Q

Non pharmacologic pain relief measures :

A

A distraction like the TV, relaxing techniques, playing a video game, humor, music, imagery, etc

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6
Q

Side effects of analgesics:

A 
Euphoria, dysphoria, agitation, seizures, hallucinations.
Lowered blood pressure and heart rate.
Muscular rigidity and contractions.
Nausea and vomiting.
Non-allergic itching.
Pupil constriction.
Sexual dysfunction.
Urinary retention.
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7
Q

Variables that influence urination

A 
Pathologic and surgical conditions
Privacy issues and embarrassment
Medications
Food and fluid intake
Ambulatory ability
Muscle tone
The cause of enuresis (involuntary passing of urine)
Developmental factors
Psychosocial factors
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8
Q

Normal characteristics of urine:

A

Urine can be dilute or concentration
Normal urine is sterile
It contains fluids, salts, and waste products, but it is free of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Urine can be produced in small or large amounts (1.5 L per day)
DOES NOT HAVE protein, glucose (little to none), or ketones.

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9
Q

Diagnostic tests procedures r/t urinary elimination:

BUN and Creatinine

A

-measure kidney function

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10
Q

Creatinine

A

waste product from muscle breakdown

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11
Q

BUN

A

a measure of the urea level in the blood

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12
Q

Diagnostic tests procedures r/t urinary elimination: Urinalysis

A

Specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, microscopic analysis
Screens for UTI, kidney disease, etc.

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13
Q

Diagnostic tests procedures r/t urinary elimination: 24-hour urine collection

A

First specimen is discarded and then the time starts for 24 hours.
Keep urine on ice

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14
Q

Diagnostic tests procedures r/t urinary elimination: Intravenous pyelography

A

X-ray of the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra

Images show the size, shape, and position of the urinary tract.

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15
Q

Diagnostic tests procedures r/t urinary elimination: Computed tomography

A

Used to diagnose kidney stones, bladder stones, or blockage of the urinary tract.
With contrast

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16
Q

Diagnostic tests procedures r/t urinary elimination: Cystoscopy

A

Camera inserted into the urethra

17
Q

Diagnostic tests procedures r/t urinary elimination:

Cystoscopy

A

Camera inserted into the urethra

18
Q

Nursing diagnosis. (Urination)

A 
Nursing diagnosis:
Impaired urinary elimination
Urge urinary incontinence
Pain
Ineffective coping
Stress urinary incontinence
Functional urinary incontinence
Risk for infection
19
Q

Implement and evaluate nursing care (urination)

A
  • Nurse focuses on activities that will help the patient with compromised urinary elimination return of the NORMAL STATE OF FUNCTION OR TO ADAPT TO CHANGES IN THE STATE OF FUNCTION.
  • Follow ups are needed to assure quality in the care provided and to determine need for further nursing interventions
20
Q

Lab values: Auria, Oliguria, Polyuria

A

Auria: 50-100mls
Oliguria: 100-400mls
Polyuria: over 2,500 mls

21
Q

Alteration in renal function. - renal, pre-renal, post-renal

A

Pre-renal: reduced blood flow to kidneys
Renal: Actual kidney damage
Post-renal: obstruction of urine flow

22
Q

Types of incontinence:

A
  • Stress
  • Urge
  • Mixed
  • Functional
  • Overflow
23
Q

UTI prevention:

A 
Avoid wearing tight-fitting clothing
Drink at least 8 8oz glasses of water every day
Urinate when the urge is felt
Women and girls wipe “front to back”
Urinate after sexual intercourse
Showers are preferred over baths
Good perineal hygiene is essential
24
Q

Identify variables/factors that influence bowel elimination:

A 
Developmental considerations
Daily patterns
Food and fluid intake
Activity and muscle tone
Lifestyle
Psychological variables
Pathologic conditions
Medications
Diagnostic studies 
Surgery and anesthesia
25
Q

Stool collection for laboratory analysis: (guidelines for handling it)

A
  • Medical aseptic technique is imperative. (not sterile)
  • Hand hygiene, before and after glove use, is essential.
  • Wear disposable gloves.
  • Do not contaminate the outside of the container with stool.
  • Obtain stool and package, label, and transport according to agency policy.
26
Q

Stool collection for laboratory analysis: (Directions)

A

Void first so that urine is not in the stool sample.
Defecate into the container rather than the toilet bowl.
Do not place toilet tissue in the bedpan or specimen container.
Avoid contact with soaps, detergents, and disinfectants as these may affect test results.
Notify the nurse when the specimen is available.

27
Q

Direct and indirect visualization studies of the gi tract and nursing care/teaching:

A
  • Indirect visualization studies: RADIOGRAPHIC (NON INVASIVE) views of the GI tract, used to detect gallstones, fecal impaction, and distended bowel. Tests include Abdominal Flat Plate, Barium Enema (BE), Ultrasonography, CT scan, and MRI
  • Direct visualization studies: used for diagnostic and treatment purposes only, ARE INVASIVE PROCEDURES conducted by a gastroenterologist who inserts various instruments to examine the interior of the GI tract. Tests include: esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), sigmoidoscopy, fiberoptic colonoscopy
28
Q

Nursing interventions to promote regular bowel habits and ease defecation:

A
  • Timing, positioning, nutrition, privacy, exercise, and teaching clients when they should seek medical assistance. .
  • Providing hydration and nutrition (More fiber and fluid intake, FRUIT).
29
Q

Nursing diagnosis (Bowel)

A
  • Constipation
  • Diarrhea
  • Bowel incontinence
  • Self-care deficit
  • Disturbed body image
30
Q

Implement and evaluate nursing care involving bowel elimination:

A
  • Evaluation of the goals and outcomes for the patient with bowel elimination problems is important to achieve the desired outcomes.
  • Whether the goals include a return to normal bowel function or maintaining existing function within the parameters of the patient’s condition, it is important for the nurse to determine whether they have been met, and if not, why.
31
Q

Common laxative types

A
  • Bulk-forming
  • Stimulant
  • Osmotic: Draws water into the bowel
  • Lubricant
  • Stool softener: Brings liquid into the stool
32
Q

Function and role of the respiratory and cardiovascular system:

A

Respiratory :

  • Inspiration and expiration
  • Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs
  • Respiration: Intake of O2, release of CO2.

Cardiovascular

  • Composed of the heart and blood vessels
  • Transport blood all over the body
  • Blood bring O2 around the body, and deoxygenated O2 back to the lungs
33
Q

Care of patients with oxygenation problems:

A 
Teach about a pollution-free environment
Promote comfort
Promote optimal function
Promote proper breathing
Manage chest tubes
Promote and control coughing
Perform chest physiotherapy
Suction the airway
Meet O2 needs w medications and teach patients about them
34
Q

Factors that affect respiratory and cardiovascular function:

A 
Level of health
Developmental considerations
Medication considerations
Lifestyle considerations
Environmental considerations
Psychological health considerations
35
Q

Diagnostic & lab studies and nursing care/teaching: Cardiac coronary catheterization

A

We put a probe through the femoral artery and it goes into the heart-
-they put a catheter in the heart valve or wherever to keep it open for blood flow, used especially when there is plaque build up.

36
Q

Medications for oxygen?

A
  • Bronchodilators
  • Nebulizers
  • Meter-dose inhalers: you get the same amount of medicine no matter what type of breath you take
  • Dry-powder inhalers: have to take a deep breath to get the medicine
  • Cough suppressants
  • Expectorants: Facilitates the removal of the secretions
    and liquifying the secretions more so it is easier to cough up
  • Lozenges: Contains a local anesthetic (benzocaine) like cough drops, throat spray, etc.
37
Q

Electrolytes lab values:

A 
Sodium : 135-145 mEq/L
Potassium : 3.5-5.0
Chloride : 95-105
Calcium : 8.5-10.5
Phosphate : 1.7-2.6
Magnesium : 1.3-2.1
38
Q

Respiratory and renal role in acid base balance:

A

Respiratory: Balance CO2 and O2 by either increasing respirations or decreasing them.

Renal: Can either keep hydrogen if we are going to be more basic, or let them go through the urinary tract if we are going more acidic.

39
Q

Tingling of hands and feet

A

Hypocalcemia

Fundamentals 1 (24 decks)

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